产氢产乙酸菌ZR-1 的分离鉴定及产酸特性

采用改良的亨盖特厌氧操作技术, 从有机废水污泥中分离到一株耐低温高效产氢产乙酸菌ZR-1。经过对其形态学观察、生理生化特征研究及16S rRNA 序列比对, 初步鉴定为梭状芽胞杆菌属的乙二醇梭菌(Clostridium glycolicum)。通过单因子实验, 在厌氧条件下对该菌株的培养温度、pH、最适底物、金属离子的影响等产酸条件进行了优化。结果表明该菌株最适生长温度37 °C,最佳培养基初始pH 值8.5, 最适发酵底物丁酸盐, Mn²⁺对其产酸有一定的激活作用。最适培养条件下丁酸盐降解率达到12.7%, H₂ 含量达到了28.73%。     

准噶尔雅罗鱼β-肌动蛋白基因启动子克隆及序列分析

利用PCR方法克隆了准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus merzbacheri)的β-actin基因启动子片段SZ21,大小是2398bp。对克隆的启动子序列进行了转录调控元件的生物信息学预测分析,同时,基于启动子中包含的开放阅读框和内含子序列,探讨了准噶尔雅罗鱼与鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、泥鳅(Misgurnus mizolepis)间的系统进化关系。结果显示,该启动子序列的3个核心启动子转录元件:CAAT-box、CArGmotif和TATA-box分别在转录起始位点(+1)上游的-89、-59、-26处,序列中还含有MEF2、SATB、CHRF、INRE、MTEN、E-box、RU49、ZBPF、CREB、Enhance region、CEBP位点等多种转录调控元件。在剪接体内含子中,剪接位点遵循GT…AG法则。启动子SZ21序列含有3个内含子和155个氨基酸。内含子1、内含子2、内含子3的系统发育分析表明,团头鲂与草鱼和青鱼的亲缘关系要比与准噶尔雅罗鱼的更近一些,这与传统分类中的亲缘关系显示不一致,其原因尚需探讨。     

鳜肌酸激酶M-CK cDNA的克隆与组织表达分析

利用RT–PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法（RACE）克隆了鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）肌酸激酶（creatine kinase,CK）cDNA序列,并分析了该基因的结构特征和系统关系。鳜CK cDNA序列全长1586 bp,包括5′端非翻译区92 bp,3′端非翻译区348 bp和开放阅读框（ORF）1 146 bp,共编码381个氨基酸。鳜CK具有脊椎动物CK共有的保守结构域和肌型肌酸激酶（M-CK）同工酶的特异识别位点;氨基酸序列与M-CK型的相似度最高,而与脑型肌酸激酶（B-CK）和线粒体型肌酸激酶（Mi-CKs）的相似度较低;在CK系统关系树中鳜CK与M-CK群聚类。这些均表明,鳜CK属脊椎动物M-CK型。RT-PCR分析表明,鳜M-CK在成体不同组织中的表达量不同,其中,在皮肤、卵巢、肾脏、胃、肌肉和心脏中表达较强;而在眼和脑、肝胰脏中表达较弱。     

Menopausal hormone therapy and women’s health: An umbrella review

BackgroundThere remains uncertainty about the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on women’s health. A systematic, comprehensive assessment of the effects on multiple outcomes is lacking. We conducted an umbrella review to comprehensively summarize evidence on the benefits and harms of MHT across diverse health outcomes.Methods and findingsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and 10 other databases from inception to November 26, 2017, updated on December 17, 2020, to identify systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies investigating effects of MHT, including estrogen-alone therapy (ET) and estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT), in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women in all countries and settings. All health outcomes in previous systematic reviews were included, including menopausal symptoms, surrogate endpoints, biomarkers, various morbidity outcomes, and mortality. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality of systematic reviews using the updated 16-item AMSTAR 2 instrument. Random-effects robust variance estimation was used to combine effect estimates, and 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated whenever possible. We used the term MHT to encompass ET and EPT, and results are presented for MHT for each outcome, unless otherwise indicated. Sixty systematic reviews were included, involving 102 meta-analyses of RCTs and 38 of observational studies, with 102 unique outcomes. The overall quality of included systematic reviews was moderate to poor. In meta-analyses of RCTs, MHT was beneficial for vasomotor symptoms (frequency: 9 trials, 1,104 women, risk ratio [RR] 0.43, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.57, p < 0.001; severity: 7 trials, 503 women, RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.50, p = 0.002) and all fracture (30 trials, 43,188 women, RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.84, p = 0.002, 95% PI 0.58 to 0.87), as well as vaginal atrophy (intravaginal ET), sexual function, vertebral and nonvertebral fracture, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular mortality (ET), and colorectal cancer (EPT), but harmful for stroke (17 trials, 37,272 women, RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.29, p = 0.027) and venous thromboembolism (23 trials, 42,292 women, RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.58, p = 0.052, 95% PI 1.03 to 2.99), as well as cardiovascular disease incidence and recurrence, cerebrovascular disease, nonfatal stroke, deep vein thrombosis, gallbladder disease requiring surgery, and lung cancer mortality (EPT). In meta-analyses of observational studies, MHT was associated with decreased risks of cataract, glioma, and esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer, but increased risks of pulmonary embolism, cholelithiasis, asthma, meningioma, and thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancer. ET and EPT had opposite effects for endometrial cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, and Alzheimer disease. The major limitations include the inability to address the varying effects of MHT by type, dose, formulation, duration of use, route of administration, and age of initiation and to take into account the quality of individual studies included in the systematic reviews. The study protocol is publicly available on PROSPERO (CRD42017083412).ConclusionsMHT has a complex balance of benefits and harms on multiple health outcomes. Some effects differ qualitatively between ET and EPT. The quality of available evidence is only moderate to poor.

In an umbrella review, Guo-Qiang Zhang and colleagues comprehensively summarize evidence on the benefits and harms of menopausal hormone therapy across diverse health outcomes.     

不同性比对小菜蛾繁殖及田间种群数量的影响

不同雌雄比对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)繁殖的影响以及性诱剂对田间种群的控制效果研究试验结果表明:随雌雄比的提高,雌蛾的产卵量减少,孵化率降低,在1∶1,4∶1状态下平均单雌产卵量分别为79.33粒和76.03粒,平均孵化率为89.03%和78.44%,在13∶1状态下平均单雌产卵量为36粒,平均孵化率仅为46.05%,全雌状态下所产的卵无一孵化。田间应用性诱剂也可有效降低虫口数量。     

棉铃虫钙粘蛋白N端多肽多克隆抗体制备及对Bt抗性的初步检测

用重组表达的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)中肠钙粘蛋白N端多肽片段制备兔多克隆抗体,并利用其对Bt抗性进行鉴定。通过RT-PCR方法对棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白N端多肽的基因片段Cad285进行PCR扩增,将其克隆到pET-30a原核表达载体中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达,得到35ku的重组融和蛋白,融合表达的包涵体经过变性、Ni-NTA柱亲和纯化、复性等方法处理包涵体,获得可溶性纯化蛋白,用纯化后蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体,ELISA检测其效价高于1∶16000;利用最终获得的多克隆抗体对室内纯合Bt抗/感品系的棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白进行Western blot分析,结果显示敏感和抗性品系之间有明显差异,表明其能够应用对Bt抗性进行初步检测。     

利用甲基化特异性引物高通量检测DNA甲基化

建立一种基于甲基化特异性引物和SAGE技术的高通量DNA甲基化定量检测新方法（MSP-SAGE）,首先利用亚硫酸氢钠对基因组DNA进行处理,使未甲基化的C转变为U,而甲基化的CpG不变.将处理和未处理的DNA双链变性后用随机引物PNNNNCG对存在含有CG的单链进行延伸,而无甲基化CG的单链处则不能延伸;将差异延伸的单链序列和频次信息经过系列分子操作后,引入PCR扩增模板;对中间带有未知序列的PCR扩增产物进行串连克隆测序.将来自于未处理组和处理组的某一CpG位点的序列出现的次数定义为［Tags］A和［Tags］B,将标准系列的实际甲基化水平和［Tags］B/［Tags］A之间建立线性回归方程.根据每一CpG位点的［Tags］B/［Tags］A比值可反推该位点的甲基化水平.MSP-SAGE具有良好的线性,基于标准系列的［Tags］B/［Tags］A与其实际甲基化水平的标准曲线方程为y＝1.455x（R²＝0.984,P<0.01）.MSP-SAGE的回收率在95%到110%之间,精确度位于4.2％和10.5%,检测限在3％左右,单次检测通量可达24个CpG位点.MSP-SAGE是一种很有应用前途的高通量DNA甲基化定量检测方法.     

灰飞虱室内大量繁殖及越冬饲养方法

灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Falln)作为多种植物病毒病的传毒介体,近年来发生数量呈逐年增加趋势,给水稻生产造成严重损失。杀虫剂室内毒力测定和抗性选育工作的顺利进行,必须长期饲养大量的标准试虫。文章介绍采用稻苗饲养室内大量繁殖灰飞虱的方法,饲养盒的使用使该方法更加方便,而越冬用麦苗饲养更接近田间的实际情况。     

用于重组蛋白生产的哺乳动物细胞表达新技术

近年来,用于重组蛋白生产的哺乳动物细胞表达领域涌现出一系列革命性的新技术。优化的工程细胞为表达重组蛋白提供了优良的宿主;基于荧光的筛选方法可以快捷地得到高表达细胞株;高通量的培养工艺能够预测适合外源蛋白表达的细胞培养条件;可抛弃式生物反应器为大规模细胞培养提供了更多的选择;大规模瞬时表达技术节省了重组蛋白的生产时间。这些新技术提高了重组蛋白的研发和生产效率,加快了蛋白药物的工业化进程。