Carbon cycle of larch plantation based on CO2FIX model

Aims
Plantations play important roles in modifying regional carbon budget and maintaining regional carbon balance. In this study, we assessed larch plantation (Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii) carbon dynamics in Weichang County from a perspective of the forest biomass-soil-wood-products chain. Our objectives were to elucidate the carbon sink capacity of larch plantation and the influences of biomass, soil and wood product pools on carbon balance.
Methods
CO2FIX model was used to evaluate the carbon storage and flow of larch plantation over a time span of 120 years. Input data for model were derived from practical investigations and published papers. We validated the simulated results and found that this model was suitable in the region and the simulated results were reliable.
Important findings
(1) Soil was the largest carbon pool for larch plantation and the wood product pool had the smallest carbon storage. Meanwhile, carbon storage in wood products gradually increased with time. (2) In a rotation of 50 years from secondary poplar-birch forest to larch plantation, 250 t C·hm^-2 was sequestrated by the larch plantation. 70% of the carbon was transferred into soil in the form of litter and logging slash and the other 30% was transferred into wood products. (3) Larch plantation was a carbon sink during most of its growing period and turned to temporary carbon source when it was harvested. Larch plantation could sequestrate about 0.3 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 in the long term. Our results indicated the importance of wood product carbon pool in carbon dynamics of plantation, which facilitated our understanding in the carbon dynamics and capacity of plantation.     

Canopy closure estimation in a temperate forest using airborne LiDAR and LANDSAT ETM+ data

Aims　Forest canopy closure is one of the essential factors in forest survey, and plays an important role in forest ecosystem management. It is of great significance to study how to apply LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data efficiently in remote sensing estimation of forest canopy closure. LiDAR can be used to obtain data fast and accurately and therefore be used as training and validation data to estimate forest canopy closure in large spatial scale. It can compensate for the insufficiency (e.g. labor-intensive, time-consuming) of conventional ground survey, and provide foundations to forest inventory.Methods　In this study, we estimated canopy closure of a temperate forest in Genhe forest of Da Hinggan Ling area, Nei Mongol, China, using LiDAR and LANDSAT ETM+ data. Firstly, we calculated the canopy closure from ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) high density point cloud data. Then, the estimated canopy closure from ALS data was used as training and validation data to modeling and inversion from eight vegetation indices computed from LANDSAT ETM+ data. Three approaches, multi-variable stepwise regression (MSR), random forest (RF) and Cubist, were developed and tested to estimate canopy closure from these vegetation indices, respectively.Important findings The validation results showed that the Cubist model yielded the highest accuracy compared to the other two models (determination coefficient (R²) = 0.722, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.126, relative root mean square error (rRMSE) = 0.209, estimation accuracy (EA) = 79.883%). The combination of LiDAR data and LANDSAT ETM+ showed great potential to accurately estimate the canopy closure of the temperate forest. However, the model prediction capability needs to be further improved in order to be applied in larger spatial scale. More independent variables from other remotely sensed datasets, e.g. topographic data, texture information from high-resolution imagery, should be added into the model. These variables can help to reduce the influence of optical image, vegetation indices, terrain and shadow and so on. Moreover, the accuracy of the LiDAR-derived canopy closure needs to be further validated in future studies.     

人类周期性活动对物种多样性的影响及其预测

人类活动通过作用于栖息地而影响着物种的种群动态,从而影响着物种多样性的变化。首次提出了不同时间尺度人类周期性活动干扰下的多物种竞争动力模式,模拟了千年时间尺度,物种多样性对人类周期性活动的响应过程,开展了人类周期性活动所导致的物种多样性的量的变化的预测研究。有关模拟和预测结果表明:在人类周期性活动的作用下,物种多度变化对栖息地变化的响应也做准周期振荡;同时人类活动强度越大,物种多度振荡的幅度也越大;并且在栖息地减少过程中,人类周期性活动对物种多样性的影响幅度要小于栖息地扩充过程中的。在一个完整的周期内,并没有物种的灭绝,只是物种的多度和强弱关系变化很大。当人类周期性活动仅持续1/4个周期时,最强的几个物种将灭绝,而其它物种做准周期振荡,但振幅相对较小。     

有机配体对稀土元素在小麦体内积累和分异的影响

采用营养液培养和添加外源混合稀土等方法,研究了有机配体柠檬酸、EDTA和DTPA对稀土元素在小麦的根和叶中积累与分异的影响。结果表明,低浓度有机配体对小麦根和叶中的稀土元素,尤其是轻稀土元素的积累有轻微的促进作用,随浓度的升高则表现出显著的降低作用。有机配体对重稀土的作用比轻稀土强,使根和叶中稀土元素的分布曲线向重稀土相对亏缺的方向发展。3种配体对轻、重稀土分异的作用强度为:EDTA>DTPA>柠檬酸。通过VM INTEQ计算表明,在EDTA和DTPA作用下小麦叶中稀土元素的积累与轻、重稀土的分异主要由溶液中呈自由离子态稀土元素的含量和组成控制;柠檬酸作用下小麦叶中稀土元素的变化与自由离子态稀土的含量和组成关系较弱,推测REE-柠檬酸络合物可被小麦直接吸收并运转到小麦的叶中。     

不饱和土壤CH4的吸收与氧化

不饱和土壤是已知唯一的 CH4 生物壑。综述了不饱和土壤 CH4 的吸收、氧化过程及其影响因素。不饱和土壤中 CH4 氧化的临界浓度低 ,因而甲烷氧化菌可氧化大气 CH4 并将其当作唯一的碳源和能源。土壤 CH4 吸收率与土壤湿度通常呈负相关关系。土壤湿度过高 ,大气 CH4 和 O2 向土壤中扩散受阻 ;或土壤湿度过低引起水分胁迫均导致甲烷氧化菌活性下降。NH 4对土壤中 CH4 氧化的抑制作用可归结为 NH3和 CH4 在甲烷单氧酶水平上的竞争、由氧化作用向硝化作用的转移以及 NH 4氧化生成的 NO- 2 的毒性。NH 4对 CH4 氧化的抑制作用与土壤有效氮含量成正比。各类氮肥对 CH4 氧化抑制作用 :化肥 >有机肥 ;铵态氮肥 >尿素。 NO- 3对 CH4 氧化没有抑制效应。阳离子代换量 (CEC)高的土壤 NH 4对 CH4 氧化的抑制作用轻。 CH4 氧化菌对大气 CH4 的高亲和力及 CH4 氧化所需较低的活化能导致其温度系数 Q1 0 较小。地温较低时 ,土壤氧化 CH4 的能力随温度升高而升高。当地温高于 CH4 氧化的最佳温度时 ,CH4 氧化菌难以与硝化细菌及其它微生物竞争利用土壤空气中的 O2 ,导致其活性降低。甲烷氧化菌对 p H值变化不敏感。团粒结构较好的壤土可保护 CH4 氧化菌免受干扰。未受干扰的森林土壤 CH4 氧化率的峰值一般出现在亚表     

吉林省中西部平原区土壤线虫群落生态特征

于 2 0 0 3年 7月和 9月 ,在吉林省中西部平原区进行土壤线虫取样 ,10个采样区 2 8个调查样地 2次共捕获线虫 10 2 2 0只 ,个体密度平均 182 5 0只 /m2 ,分别隶属于线形动物门 2纲 7目 2 0科 32属。真滑刃属、短体属和垫刃属为优势类群 ,是吉林省中西部平原区土壤线虫群落最重要的类群 ,稀有类群个体数量尽管很少 ,但分布的范围并不狭小 ,线虫各类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区并末呈现出明显的一致性。土壤线虫群落垂直分布 ,受人类活动扰动的生境土壤线虫类群数和个体密度表聚性较差 ,土壤线虫向土壤下层移动明显 ;水平分布 ,天然林和受人类活动扰动生境土壤线虫类群数和个体密度差异显著 ;农田土地利用方式对土壤线虫群落特征影响总体是负面的 ,而居民点园地可能增加土壤线虫的类群数和生物多样性。 PPI/MI值对于不同人类活动对土壤生态环境的变化反映更敏感     

湖南柿竹园矿区土壤重金属含量及植物吸收特征

矿区重金属污染十分严重,寻找和发现适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物是矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提。对我国湖南柿竹园有色金属矿区调查发现,该地区选矿厂的重金属污染问题普遍比尾砂库严重。选矿厂土壤砷、镉、铅、锌严重超标,尾砂库周围也受到不同程度的重金属污染。土壤重金属胁迫效应影响着植物物种分布,选矿厂物种分布较少,相比之下尾砂库的植物多样性较为丰富。柿竹园矿区植物对重金属的吸收表现为富集型(如蜈蚣草Pteris Vittata L .和苎麻Boehmerianivea (L .) Gaud.)、根部囤积型(如攀倒甑Patrinia villosa和木贼Equisetum hyemale)和规避型(如蔓出卷柏Selaginelladavidii Franch和芒草Miscanthus sinensis Andlerss)等3种类型。     

云南石林公园不同生境蚂蚁多样性研究

2003年5月下旬(雨季初期)和9月下旬(雨季后期),选择云南石林公园地带性植被滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsisglaucoides)林(原始林)、次生林、灌丛、草地、云南松(Pinusyunnanensis)林5种生境,采用陷阱诱捕法采集蚂蚁,共获蚂蚁8775头,隶属4亚科16属26种。优势种为阿诗玛无刺蚁(Kartidrisashima)、布立毛蚁(Pseudolasiusbournica)和重庆弓背蚁(Campontuschongqingensis)。两个季节蚂蚁多样性指数均以原始林最低,灌丛和松林最高。各生境蚂蚁群落相似性低,相似性系数在0–0.2609之间。结果显示,蚂蚁的多样性受多种环境因子影响;与地带性植被相比,蚂蚁群落在人为干扰的各种生境中已发生较大的变化。     

人工沟渠的生态环境效应研究综述

人工沟渠主要指以排水和灌溉为目的人工挖掘的水道.人工沟渠作为排水和引水的廊道改善了土壤的结构、促进了作物的生长,从而提高了农作物的产量;同时人工沟渠这种景观的存在对周围的环境也产生了巨大的影响.水文效应是被大家普遍接受的生态环境效应.在整个降雨期间或之后,观察显示出沟渠对出口径流的贡献：一些沟渠收集和向河流输送水;另一些沟渠收集水但是减慢了水流的速度.本文从水文效应、对元素地球化学循环、生物及其生境的影响到对生态环境整体影响方面总结了人工沟渠的生态环境效应,并对其进一步的研究提出一些建议,旨在最大限度发挥人工沟渠的生态环境效应,改善整个生态环境.     

吉林省中西部平原区土壤螨类群落结构特征

对吉林省中西部平原区进行土壤螨类群落调查,了解该区土壤螨类群落组成、分布及土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。共捕获土壤螨类96属16443只。研究结果显示:土壤螨类群落组成各类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区未呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区土壤螨类群落组成存在明显差异,气候和土壤差异是主导因素;不同土地利用类型生境螨类群落特征存在一定的差异,农业生产活动减少了土壤螨类类群数和个体密度,使螨类在土壤剖面不同土层间分布更加均匀;同时农业活动也减少了螨类的群落多样性。MGP分析能够反映人类干扰对甲螨群落结构的影响,其中MGPⅠ分析对不同土地利用条件下甲螨群落结构的季节变动更敏感。MI指数显示,农田和居民点的农业生产活动增加了中气门螨类r-选择类群的数量[动物学报51(3):401-412,2005]。