Selective removal of keratan sulfate in chondroitin sulfate samples by sequential precipitation with ethanol

Keratan sulfate (KS) is present as a contaminant in chondroitin sulfate (CS) mainly extracted from shark cartilage. We report a selective removal procedure of KS in CS samples by means of sequential precipitation with ethanol. Purified shark CS containing approximately 10% to 15% KS was subjected to a precipitation procedure in the presence of increasing percentages of saturated ethanol. In contrast to other solvents, 1.0 volume of ethanol was able to selectively purify CS, with a purity of approximately 100%, from KS. The current selective and simple procedure appears to be a reliable industrial preparation of CS devoid of large amounts of the residual KS.     

Pollination and late-acting self-incompatibility in Cyrtanthus breviflorus (Amaryllidaceae): implications for seed production

Background and Aims

Animal pollination is typically an uncertain process that interacts with self-incompatibility status to determine reproductive success. Seed set is often pollen-limited, but species with late-acting self-incompatibility (SI) may be particularly vulnerable, if self-pollen deposition results in ovule discounting. Pollination is examined and the occurrence of late-acting SI and ovule discounting assessed in Cyrtanthus breviflorus.

Methods

The pollination system was characterized by observing floral visitors and assessing nectar production and spectral reflectance of flowers. To assess late-acting SI and ovule discounting, growth of self- and cross-pollen tubes, and seed set following open pollination or hand pollination with varying proportions of self- and cross-pollen, were examined.

Key Results

Native honeybees Apis mellifera scutellata pollinated flowers as they actively collected pollen. Most flowers (≥70 %) did not contain nectar, while the rest produced minute volumes of dilute nectar. The flowers which are yellow to humans are visually conspicuous to bees with a strong contrast between UV-reflecting tepals and UV-absorbing anthers and pollen. Plants were self-incompatible, but self-rejection was late-acting and both self- and cross-pollen tubes penetrated ovules. Seed set of open-pollinated flowers was pollen-limited, despite pollen deposition exceeding ovule number by 6-fold. Open-pollinated seed set was similar to that of the cross + self-pollen treatment, but was less than that of the cross-pollen-only treatment.

Conclusions

Flowers of C. breviflorus are pollinated primarily by pollen-collecting bees and possess a late-acting SI system, previously unknown in this clade of the Amaryllidaceae. Pollinators of C. breviflorus deposit mixtures of cross- and self-pollen and, because SI is late-acting, self-pollen disables ovules, reducing female fertility. This study thus contributes to growing evidence that seed production in plants with late-acting SI systems is frequently limited by pollen quality, even when pollinators are abundant.     

Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair samples of Chinese people by protein precipitation (PPT) and large volume injection-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LVI-GC/MS/MS)

Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) has been shown to be a suitable marker of excessive alcohol consumption. Determination of EtG in hair samples may help to differentiate social drinkers from alcoholics, and this testing can be widely used in forensic science, treatment programs, workplaces, military bases as well as driving ability test to provide legal proof of drinking. A method for determination of EtG in hair samples using large volume injection-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LVI-GC/MS/MS) was developed and validated. Hair samples (in 1 mL deionized water) were ultrasonicated for 1h and incubated overnight; these samples were then deproteinated to remove impurities and derivatisated with 15 μL of pyridine and 30 μL of BSTFA. EtG was detected using GC/MS/MS in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. This method exhibited good linearity: y=0.0036 x+0.0437, R2=0.9993, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 5 pg/mg and 10 pg/mg, respectively. The extraction recoveries were more than 60%, and the inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 15%. This method has been applied to the analysis of EtG in hair samples from 21 Chinese subjects. The results for samples obtained from all of those who were teetotallers were negative, and the results for the other 15 samples ranged from 10 to 78 pg/mg, except for one negative sample. These data are the basis for interpretation of alcohol abuse.     

Determination of dehydroandrographolide succinate in human plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS): Method development,validation and clinical pharmacokinetic study

A LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of dehydroandrographolide succinate (DAS), a traditional Chinese medicine derivative used for the treatment of pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, and chronic bronchitis. Following protein precipitation, DAS was detected by ion transition at m/z 531.2/99.0 in multiple reaction monitoring mode with negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL in human plasma. Good linearity was maintained over the range of 10–5000 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient was better than 0.99. The accuracy ranged from 95.3% to 113%, RSD from 0.928% to 6.47%, for the within- and between-run analysis at all QC levels. The recovery ranged from 85.5% to 93.4% and the matrix effect from 107% to 119%. No significant carryover and good stability were found during method validation. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of DAS in human plasma in a pharmacokinetic study following intravenous infusion of potassium sodium DAS to nine healthy volunteers.     

黑曲霉水解京尼平苷β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

黑曲霉Aspergillus niger发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)。粗酶液依次经过乙醇沉淀和DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析,获得了两种电泳纯的β-葡萄糖苷酶BGL1和BGL2,它们的相对分子质量分别为102kDa、97kDa,总酶活回收率达到48%。在pH2.5及温度为55℃时,两种BGL水解京尼平苷的速度均达到最大;BGL水解活性受到Na+的激活但不受K+的影响,但Mg2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Zn2+和Hg+等离子对BGL活性有不同程度的抑制作用(其中对BGL1的抑制普遍强于BGL2),而且同一种离子对不同BGL活性的影响性质不同,Ca2+显著激活BGL1而对BGL2无影响,Fe3+显著抑制BGL1而激活BGL2。在同样条件下,BGL对对硝基苯-β-D吡喃葡萄糖苷(pNPGlu)、对硝基苯-β-D吡喃半乳糖苷(pNPGal)和水杨苷均有催化活性,其中对pNPGlu的Km值最小,BGL1、BGL2分别为0.764和1.934mmol/L;而BGL对京尼平苷水解的催化效率最高,BGL1、BGL2的Kcat/Km值分别为4.28×104和1.04×105L/mol·s。BGL1、BGL2活性的pH稳定范围相近,分别为pH2.0-7.0、pH2.0-8.5,但它们的热稳定性差异较大,55℃时BGL2保温60min,酶活保留了60%,而BGL1的酶活半衰期只有10min。     

A Bayesian Chi‐Squared Goodness‐of‐Fit Test for Censored Data Models

Summary We propose a Bayesian chi‐squared model diagnostic for analysis of data subject to censoring. The test statistic has the form of Pearson's chi‐squared test statistic and is easy to calculate from standard output of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. The key innovation of this diagnostic is that it is based only on observed failure times. Because it does not rely on the imputation of failure times for observations that have been censored, we show that under heavy censoring it can have higher power for detecting model departures than a comparable test based on the complete data. In a simulation study, we show that tests based on this diagnostic exhibit comparable power and better nominal Type I error rates than a commonly used alternative test proposed by Akritas (1988, Journal of the American Statistical Association 83, 222–230). An important advantage of the proposed diagnostic is that it can be applied to a broad class of censored data models, including generalized linear models and other models with nonidentically distributed and nonadditive error structures. We illustrate the proposed model diagnostic for testing the adequacy of two parametric survival models for Space Shuttle main engine failures.