医学微生物学探索性实验教学与学生创新能力的培养

在高等教育面临着素质教育、培养创新人才的新形式下,以提高学生的综合素质,培养学生的创新精神、创新能力为出发点,在2004级医学专业本科生中开设探索性实验.实践证明,探索性实验的开展充分调动了学生的学习热情,极大地激发了学生对微生物学的学习兴趣,提高了微生物学实验教学质量.显然,探索性实验的开展是传统教学模式的有益补充和尝试.     

Bumblebee flight distances in relation to the forage landscape

1. Foraging range is a key aspect of the ecology of 'central place foragers'. Estimating how far bees fly under different circumstances is essential for predicting colony success, and for estimating bee-mediated gene flow between plant populations. It is likely to be strongly influenced by forage distribution, something that is hard to quantify in all but the simplest landscapes; and theories of foraging distance tend to assume a homogeneous forage distribution. 2. We quantified the distribution of bumblebee Bombus terrestris L. foragers away from experimentally positioned colonies, in an agricultural landscape, using two methods. We mass-marked foragers as they left the colony, and analysed pollen from foragers returning to the colonies. The data were set within the context of the 'forage landscape': a map of the spatial distribution of forage as determined from remote-sensed data. To our knowledge, this is the first time that empirical data on foraging distances and forage availability, at this resolution and scale, have been collected and combined for bumblebees. 3. The bees foraged at least 1.5 km from their colonies, and the proportion of foragers flying to one field declined, approximately linearly, with radial distance. In this landscape there was great variation in forage availability within 500 m of colonies but little variation beyond 1 km, regardless of colony location. 4. The scale of B. terrestris foraging was large enough to buffer against effects of forage patch and flowering crop heterogeneity, but bee species with shorter foraging ranges may experience highly variable colony success according to location.     

Spatial heterogeneity in sediment-associated bacterial and eukaryotic communities in a landfill leachate-contaminated aquifer

Heterogeneity in eukaryotic and bacteria community structure in surface and subsurface sediment samples downgradient of the Banisveld landfill (The Netherlands) was studied using a culturing-independent molecular approach. Along a transect covering the part of the aquifer most polluted by landfill leachate, sediment was sampled at 1-m depth intervals, until a depth of 5.5 m, at four distances from the landfill. Two drillings were placed in a nearby clean area as a reference. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns revealed high bacterial and eukaryotic diversity and complex community structures. Bacteria and eukaryotic community profiles in polluted samples grouped different from those in clean samples. Bacteria community profiles in surface samples clustered together and separately from subsurface community profiles. Subsurface bacteria profiles clustered in a location-specific manner. Eukaryotic community structure did not significantly relate to distance from the landfill or depth. No significant spatial autocorrelation of bacteria or eukaryotic communities was observed over 1-m depth intervals per sampling location. Spatial heterogeneity in sediment-associated bacterial communities appears to be much larger than in groundwater. We discuss how on the one hand, spatial heterogeneity may complicate the assessment of microbial community structure and functioning, while on the other it may provide better opportunities for natural attenuation.     

基于网络的医学微生物学混合式教学的效果评价

根据医学微生物学的教学要求和特点,对临床医学专业采用混合式教学,即将总课时的80%用于传统课堂教学,20%用于网络课堂教学,通过对比分析考核成绩和问卷调查,评价该教学模式对医学微生物学教学效果的影响.结果显示混合式教学模式优于单一的传统课堂教学模式,并能显著提高医学微生物学的教学效果,对突破传统课堂教学的局限性和帮助学生自主学习具有重要意义.     

石油微生物学在中国科学院微生物研究所的发展

本文较详尽地综述了中国科学院微生物研究所50多年在涉及石油微生物学的科学研究成果,包括微生物勘探法和气态烃氧化菌、微生物与油气形成、有机酸的生产、油田微生物与提高采油量、微生物提高采油的现场应用.共引用了105篇文献.     

青霉TS67菌株对大豆根腐病和玉米小斑病的防治效果评价

采用盆栽试验的方法,通过病情指数和防治效率等指标研究青霉TS67菌株的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的影响,实验结果的SPSS统计分析表明,青霉TS67的所有处理均能显著(P<0.01)抑制大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的发生,其中采用TS67菌株与大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的混合物进行拌种,对大豆根腐病的防治效果最好,防治效率迭63.98%;在玉米小斑病发病前喷洒TS67菌株的发酵液,对玉米小斑病的防治效果最好,防治效率达到53.34%.此外实验结果还表明用青霉TS67进行大豆拌种能有效促进大豆幼苗生长.     

酵母菌Y17吸附Cu2+的影响因素及吸附机理研究

以高效吸附Cu2 的酵母菌Y17为材料,对其吸附Cu2 过程中的主要影响因素,包括溶液Ph、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量、吸附时间和温度以及吸附机理进行了探讨.结果表明,对吸附过程影响较大的因素依次为吸附液Ph值、Cu2 初始浓度、菌体添加量和吸附时间.正交试验得到最佳吸附条件为溶液Ph5.0,吸附时间40min,加菌量5.Og湿菌/L时,对初始浓度为8mmol/L的Cu2 达到最佳吸附率为82.7%.通过对Y17菌体不同处理及解吸实验,初步确定Y17吸附Cu2 的位点在细胞壁,细胞壁表面的-NH2,-COOH基团在其吸附过程中起着重要作用.     

创新实验教学体系 促进实践能力培养

围绕微生物学在环保领域的应用, 以设计研究性实验为龙头, 构建具有专业特色的创新型教学体系, 实行开放式教学模式, 激发学生对环境微生物学的兴趣, 培养学生的创新性思维和解决环境问题的实践能力。     

干旱沙区不同种源的绵毛优若藜表现性比较

在民勤沙生植物园．通过室内和田间试验,对引自美国西部沙漠区和草原区的绵毛优若藜的物候期、种子发芽温度、植物的生长和地上部分营养成分进行了观测与测定。在昼夜变温条件下,草原区种子对温度的反应较迟钝．适宜的发芽温度应为5～25C;沙漠区种子发芽适宜的温度为lO～30C。两个种源的绵毛优若藜均在6～7月间生长量最大。草原区种源的植株月平均生长量大于沙漠区种源的生长量。不同种源植物的物候期相差较小,除开花期外,沙漠区植物的展叶、孕蕾、结果和叶变色均早于草原区。在民勤沙区,绵毛优若藜表现为准常绿性。沙漠区植株的营养成分含量略低于草原区植株。     

虎杖中白藜芦醇与大黄素的综合提取

对虎杖中的有效成分白藜芦醇及大黄素进行了综合提取,通过各单因素实验及进一步的正交实验,确定出超声提取的最佳工艺为：在超声波功率50W,pH值为4,料液比为1：20,温度40℃下,用体积分数80%的乙醇＋丙酮（两者体积比1：1,以下同）超声提取30min.提取得率白藜芦醇与大黄素分别为3.34%与2.89%.