猕猴桃三子叶突变体的形态特征研究

以“猕猴桃; 三子叶植株; 形态特性和平一号”美味猕猴桃辐射诱变过程所获得的三子叶突变体植株为材料,对猕猴桃三子叶植株的形态特征如单叶长、单叶宽以及叶片气孔分布和表面毛状体等进行观察分析,以获得其与双子叶猕猴桃植株的形态差异信息。结果表明:三子叶植株的单叶长、宽大于正常的双子叶猕猴桃植株单叶长、宽; 三子叶植株的气孔数目与双子叶猕猴桃植株的差异不大; 三子叶植株叶表面的毛状体比双子叶猕猴桃植株更加浓密,为三子叶猕猴桃育种利用打下基础。     

In vitro breeding – shortcut to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) tolerant kiwifruit

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) causes the bacterial canker disease on kiwifruit vines. The disease outbreak has been reported in several countries worldwide, including New Zealand. Here, we briefly reviewed the current situation of Psa infection of kiwifruit vines in New Zealand, the effects of Psa on the New Zealand’s kiwifruit industry, and the disease control and breeding programmes undertaken in response to the outbreak of Psa in New Zealand. Then the methodology of an alternative breeding approach or in vitro breeding, which is a non-GM approach to obtain useful plant tissue culture-derived genetic variation in crop plants, was discussed. As a specific example of potential application of in vitro breeding, a novel plant breeding project idea based on the elemental defence mechanism is to generate Cu/Zn tolerant kiwifruit varieties that exhibit improved Psa tolerance.     

水杨酸延缓猕猴桃果实采后衰老与精氨酸分解代谢的关系

采用1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸(SA)处理‘徐香’猕猴桃果实,测定果实在常温(23±2)℃贮藏过程中失重率、硬度、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及精氨酸分解代谢相关酶活性和物质含量的变化,探究SA处理延缓猕猴桃果实采后衰老的作用机理。结果显示：(1)与对照(不处理)相比,贮藏第20天时,SA处理果实的失重率较对照降低13.77%,硬度较对照提高78.25%,表明SA处理有效抑制了猕猴桃果实硬度和鲜重的下降。(2)贮藏第20天时,SA处理果实的PG活性(13.61 μg·g^-1·h^-1)显著低于对照(16.77 μg·g^-1·h^-1);猕猴桃果实中的MDA含量在贮藏第15天时差异最大,SA处理较对照降低33.40%。(3)与对照相比,在贮藏过程中SA处理显著促进了果实中鸟氨酸的累积以及精氨酸脱羧酶和鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性的升高,同时抑制了多胺氧化酶和二胺氧化酶活性,并显著提高了猕猴桃果实中多胺(腐胺、精胺、亚精胺)的累积。(4)与对照相比,SA处理显著诱导了猕猴桃果实中一氧化氮合酶活性的增强,并促进了果实中一氧化氮(NO)的累积,且在贮藏第5天以后果实中的NO含量显著高于对照。研究发现,SA能够显著延缓常温下猕猴桃果实的采后衰老进程,这可能与SA触发了果实中精氨酸分解代谢的不同途径有关。     

采收期对猕猴桃果实品质及其耐贮性的影响

选用海沃德猕猴桃为试验材料,对8个不同采收期(盛花后151、155、159、163、167、171、175和179 d,采收Ⅰ~Ⅷ期)猕猴桃果实在(0±1)℃冷藏过程中的生理生化变化进行比较.结果显示:(1)采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ期果实采收时具有较高的硬度、淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量,可溶性固形物含量则低于6%,贮藏期间出现的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰均比其它采收期高;采收Ⅶ、Ⅷ期果实采收时硬度明显低于前面的采收期,淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量降低,可溶性固形物含量达到8%以上,贮藏期间乙烯释放速率高峰比其它采收期提前10 d,果实衰老过程明显提前;(2)入贮150 d后,采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ期果实的失重率差异不显著,采收Ⅰ期与采收Ⅷ期果实的腐烂率差异不显著,但均与其它采收期存在显著差异.研究发现,盛花后第159~171天采收猕猴桃,果实采收时的可溶性固形物含量在6.5%以上,贮藏120 d后与其它采收期相比仍保持相对较高的硬度、淀粉含量、Vc含量和可滴定酸含量,而且贮藏150 d后失重率和腐烂率都比较低,表明该期间为海沃德"猕猴桃的适宜采收期.     

1-甲基环丙烯对猕猴桃乙烯产生和贮藏品质的影响

室温和0℃两种贮藏条件下,100 nL*L-1的1-MCP显著抑制“秦美“猕猴桃果实乙烯的释放,延缓乙烯高峰的出现,延缓果实硬度和可滴定酸含量的下降以及可溶性固形物含量的增加.     

猕猴桃的组织培养和遗传转化研究进展

综述了国内外猕猴桃组织培养和遗传转化研究进展,内容包括花药培养、胚培养、胚乳培养、子叶、叶、茎段等器官培养、原生质体培养以及遗传转化等,并对生物技术在猕猴桃研究中存在的问题以及今后在猕猴桃中的应用前景进行了讨论。     

Analysis of the growth kinetic of fruits of Actinidia deliciosa

Growth rate of fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) Liang and Fergusoncv. Hayward, measured as increase in fresh mass, followed a simple sigmoidal trend showing two stages in all the seasons studied (1987 - 1989). However, growth profiles were statistically different from year to year in both shape and mean reached. The data suggest an important effect of climatic factors on growth, mainly rainfall, which may explain the differences in growth curves between seasons. Significant correlations between relative growth index and length and/or diameter were found which can be used for a non-destructive determination of Actinidia deliciosa fruit growth. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一种花瘿蚊(双翅目:瘿蚊科)与其寄主植物对萼猕猴桃Actinidia valvata的相互关系(英文)

猕猴桃属植物Actinidia spp,自然分布于中国的亚热带地区。对萼猕猴桃A.valvata的花芽受Pseudasphond ylia 瘿蚊属一未知种的寄生而形成花芽虫瘿,这种花芽瘿由于近年来在制药工业上的应用而受到重视。在中国中南地区研究对萼猕猴桃—瘿蚊的相互关系过程中,我们的记载表明该造瘿昆虫在一定情形下可能改变其寄主植物的雌雄异株之生殖模式。野外调查与实验证明寄主植物受寄生而形成虫瘿的比例很高。但虫瘿密度却于不同沟谷间,或同一沟谷内不同植株间有异。在二条沟谷内,92％和75％植株分别被寄生,而在第3条沟谷内没有植株受寄生。受寄生的雄性植株只产生虫瘿,而受寄生的雌性植株则产生正常果与虫瘿。有迹象显示当寄主植株有虫瘿形成时其正常果数量也更多。作者认为这可能是昆虫诱导功能上雌雄异株植物形成雄性异株雌雄同株之生殖模式的少数例子     

Root water uptake by kiwifruit vines following partial wetting of the root zone

Rates of sap flow and root-water uptake by two 7-year old kiwifruit vines (Acinidia deliciosa) were studied in an orchard with the aim of determining the ability of the vines to alter their spatial pattern of root-water uptake following differential wetting of the root zone. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to monitor changes in the soil's volumetric water content, . The heat-pulse technique was used to monitor sap flow not only in the stem but also in several large roots to see how root flow responded with local changes in soil water availability. Prior to irrigation there was a broad correspondence between the pattern of water uptake and the distribution of root-length density. However, following irrigation, we observed a preferential uptake of water from the wetter parts of the soil and a corresponding decline in water uptake from the drier parts of the soil. Observations of root uptake by TDR following irrigation also revealed the inordinate activity of near-surface roots. The vine would preferentially draw upon near-surface water if it were available. Kiwifruit vines are able to shift rapidly their pattern of uptake, in a matter of days, away from drier parts of the root zone and begin to extract water preferentially from those regions where it is more freely available. Upon full wetting of the root zone, previously inactive roots in the dry soil of the root zone were quickly able to recover their activity. Indeed their activity following rewatering was found to be greater than it had been prior to the period of soil dryness. A rapid flush of new root growth is considered to be the mechanism that leads to this enhanced activity.