喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林植被的空间异质性

基于广西环江木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特典型峰丛洼地常绿落叶阔叶混交林2 hm2动态监测样地,选择4个多样性和5个群落结构属性变量,运用地统计学和分形几何学理论方法,分析植被的空间异质性、分形特征和分布格局,以探讨其维持机制。结果表明:(1)样地树木种类和除平均高度外的4个结构属性变量均值适中,变异系数较高(48.37%～71.01%),植物多样性丰富且稳定性强,Shannon指数、Simpson指数和均匀度指数变异系数仅在5.49%～22.64%之间。(2)除均匀度的Moran’s I系数接近0且无规律外,其他8个属性变量均有不同程度的空间自相关性,分别用球状、指数和高斯模型拟合的决定系数(R2)高达0.900～0.982,C/(C0+C)值和分维数D值分别在0.582～0.827和1.738～1.871之间,具有中等以上的空间依赖性。(3)密度、平均冠幅和高度的自相关范围和变程小于其他指标,其分布和形成过程决定了整个森林植被的空间格局。(4)森林植被的Kriging等值线图充分表征了人为干扰、地形、土壤质量的综合差异。(5)自相关、半方差模型的变程和Kriging等值线图综合分析表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地常绿落叶阔叶混交林空间异质性研究的采样间隔10 m左右较适宜,但采样范围应大于10hm2,这对确定该区域动态监测样地的面积具有一定的指导意义。     

Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Gypsum Karst Lakes of Northern Lithuania

Microbiological studies were performed in three small gypsum karst lakes in northern Lithuania, most typical of the region. Samples were taken in different seasons of 2001. The conditions for microbial growth in the lakes are determined by elevated content of salts (from 0.5 to 2.0 g/l), dominated by SO ₄ ^2? and Ca²⁺ ions (up to 1.4 and 0.6 g/l, respectively). The elevated sulfate concentration is favorable for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs). Summer and winter stratification gives rise to anaerobic water layers enriched in products of anaerobic degradation: H₂S and CH₄. The lakes under study contain abundant SRBs not only in bottom sediments (from 10³ to 10⁷ cells/dm³) but also in the water column (from 10² to 10⁶ cells/ml). The characteristic spatial and temporal variations in the rate of sulfate reduction were noted. The highest rates of this process were recorded in summer: 0.95–2.60 mg S^2?/dm³ per day in bottom sediments and up to 0.49 mg S^2?/l per day in the water column. The maximum values (up to 11.36 mg S^2?/dm³) were noted in areas where bottom sediments were enriched in plankton debris. Molecular analysis of conservative sequences of the gene for 16S rRNA in sulfate-reducing microorganisms grown on lactate allowed them to be identified as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans.     

喀斯特石漠结皮细尖鳞叶藓的吸水机制及耐旱适应性

生物结皮是由隐花植物和相关土壤微小生物与表层土壤颗粒胶结而形成的复合体,与维管束植物覆盖一样,它是干旱区地表的重要覆盖类型。苔藓是荒漠植被演替过程中常见的一类先锋植物,同时也是生物结皮中生物量最大的2个类群之一。研究了结皮细尖鳞叶藓的吸水机制和耐旱适应性。结果表明:细尖鳞叶藓最大吸水量和持水率分别达到干重的9.74倍和700%以上,动力学总吸水过程的表观Km值和Vmax值分别为21.67g、10.42g·g-·1DW·min-1,外吸水过程为28.91g和8.56g·g-·1DW·min-1,内吸水过程为43.18g和1.76g·g-·1DW·min-1。可溶性糖含量从142.6mg·g-·1DW(CK)上升到344.3mg·g-·1DW,增长近2.4倍,而游离脯氨酸积累微弱。抗氧化酶SOD活性变化不明显,在0.04U·g-·1FW上下浮动;POD活性在PEG6000胁迫浓度在20%之前呈大幅度上升状态,以后趋于缓和,30%时达最高的131U·g-·1min-·1FW,增加近2倍;CAT活性的变化情况与POD变化趋势相同,但变化量较小。膜脂过氧化指标MDA先略有升高又逐步回落,说明细尖鳞叶藓抗氧化酶系统利用提高POD和CAT活性清除SOD在清除超氧阴离子自由基过程中产生的H2O2。因此,在喀斯特石漠化缺少土壤、极度干旱且保水能力弱的环境区域,结皮藓类植物以其特有的吸水特征、持水功能和抗旱机制等生态功能在石漠化治理、退化生态系统的恢复中具有十分重要的作用。     

Description of a new species of Phylloscopus warbler from Vietnam and Laos

A new species of Phylloscopus warbler, which we name Phylloscopus calciatilis Limestone Leaf Warbler, is described from central and northern Vietnam and central and northern Laos; it probably also breeds in southernmost China. In morphology, the new species is very similar to Sulphur-breasted Warbler Phylloscopus ricketti , but it is smaller with a proportionately larger bill and rounder wing. Its song and calls are diagnostic. Based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the new species is most closely related to P. ricketti and Yellow-vented Warbler Phylloscopus cantator , and it is inferred to be sister to the latter. The mitochondrial divergences between these three species are at the low end of the variation found in other species of Phylloscopus and Seicercus warblers, but greater than in other taxa generally treated as subspecies. Possible introgressive hybridization between the new species and P. ricketti is discussed, but more data are needed to establish whether it does occur and, if it does, to what extent. The new species appears to have a restricted breeding range in limestone karst environments, where it is locally common and therefore not under any immediate threat. In view of the recognition of the new species, all previous records of P. ricketti sensu lato need to be re-evaluated.     

A carboniferous chondrichthyan assemblage from residues within a Triassic karst system at Cromhall quarry,Gloucestershire, England

Abstract. Sixteen different Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian Courceyan to Chadian age, Mississippian) chondrichthyan teeth types have been extracted from Triassic erosional/aeolian fills in shallow karst systems found in the limestone quarry at Cromhall, Gloucestershire, England. These Carboniferous teeth have been found within a much larger assemblage of disarticulated bones and teeth belonging to small late Triassic terrestrial reptiles, for which Cromhall quarry is famous. The Carboniferous teeth are derived fossils, released during subaerial dissolution of the surrounding limestones. Owing to low specimen numbers and uncertainty of intraspecific character, 10 types of teeth are left in open nomenclature, although it is likely they represent new taxa. They belong to Jalodus, Ctenacanthiformes, Protacrodus, Orodus, Chomatodus, Petalodontidae, Euchondrocephali?, Helodus and Psephodus. A new genus and species, Cromhallia parvunda, of indeterminate phylogenetic relationships, is also erected. The assemblage includes also an identified suite comprising Thrinacodus ferox, Bransonella cf. nebraskensis and Stethacanthus cf. altonensis. The identification of all fish teeth found in the Cromhall assemblages as derived fossils from the Carboniferous removes any ambiguity regarding the fully terrestrial nature of the late Triassic fauna preserved in the residue‐bearing karst systems.     

Fish migrate underground: the example of Delminichthys adspersus (Cyprinidae)

Complex aquatic systems of karst harbour a rich but little‐investigated biodiversity. In Croatia and Bosnia–Herzegovina karst, temporal springs are inhabited by a group of minnow‐like fishes that retreat to the associated ground water during dry seasons and spend several months underground. The most abundant species in this group is Delminichthys adspersus (Heckel 1843), which also has the most fragmented distribution range. To determine the population composition and dispersal patterns, and to detect potential underground migration, a large genetic data set comprising 544 specimens of D. adspersus covering most of its distribution area was analysed. Analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences (～1000 bp) and eight microsatellite loci showed that D. adspersus comprises at least three subpopulations with gene flow occurring among them. Coalescent‐based analysis revealed a complex migration pattern, with several unidirectional dispersal paths, including between temporal springs that share no surface connection. The results of this study suggest the existence of recurrent underground migration of fish in a karst environment and demonstrate the complexity of its hydrological network. The findings are relevant to conservation strategies for endemic karst organisms and karst ecosystems as a whole.     

热带喀斯特森林常绿和落叶榕树的水力特征和水分关系与抗旱策略

以热带喀斯特地区的直脉榕(Ficus orthoneura)和豆果榕(F.pisocarpa)为实验材料,研究了常绿和落叶树木枝条和叶片的解剖结构特征、光合水分特征和耐旱性的差异,目的在于探讨不同生活型榕树适应干旱生境的策略.直脉榕和豆果榕的叶片都有两层栅栏组织、游离状的海绵组织和钟乳体等旱生结构,同时叶片角质层蒸腾速率(gmin)和气孔导度(gs)相对较低.但与落叶的豆果榕相比,常绿的直脉榕的枝条木质部失去50％传导率的水势(P50)和gmin更低,表现出更保守的水分利用策略.总体上,两种榕树都表现出了对喀斯特干旱生境的良好适应,但是它们的适应策略表现出一定的差别.豆果榕通过落叶度过旱期,而直脉榕在结构和功能上比豆果榕更耐旱.抗旱策略和水分利用策略的不同导致两种榕树的生态位分异,减少了彼此间的水分竞争,有利于它们在喀斯特生境中共存.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林表层土壤有机质的空间变异及成因

基于动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)的网格(10 m×10 m)取样,以农作区为对照,用地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林和原生林3类典型森林生态系统表层土壤(0—15 cm)有机质的空间变异,通过主成分分析和相关分析,探讨了其生态学过程和机制。结果表明:喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤有机质很高,沿着农作区-人工林-次生林-原生林的恢复梯度,土壤有机质显著提高,变异系数逐步增大;农作区和3类森林土壤表层有机质均具有良好的空间自相关性;农作区试验半变异函数C0/(C0+C)值为26.5%,呈中等程度的空间相关性;3类森林的C0/(C0+C)值为9.0%—22.6%,呈强烈的空间相关性;农作区和人工林土壤有机质呈单峰分布,次生林呈凹型分布,原生林呈凸型分布;不同森林的主导因子不同,农作区的主导因子为主要土壤养分,人工林为地形和物种多样性,次生林为森林结构和物种多样性,原生林为地形和物种多样性,且同一因子在不同森林与土壤表层有机质的正负作用关系和相关程度也不同。因此,农作区和3类森林应根据其土壤表层有机质的空间变异及主要影响因子制定相应的固碳措施。     

岩溶区青冈栎的年轮特征及其与环境因子的关系

为揭示岩溶区植物生长特征及其与环境因子的关系,利用年轮分析方法研究了岩溶区广泛分布的乔木树种青冈栎的年轮特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:青冈栎年轮宽度和年轮指数的平均值分别为(2.565±0.028) mm和1.108±0.012.随着胸径的增大,年轮宽度和年轮指数在逐渐增大,年轮指数与气候因子的变化有着相关关系,与前一年6月份、12月份以及当年12月份的平均温度呈显著正相关,而与前一年4月份、10月份以及当年4月份的降雨量和前一年8月份、9月份以及当年2月份的日照总时数呈显著负相关.表明岩溶区青冈栎的生长可能主要受到温度变化的影响,降雨量和日照时数的变化也影响着青冈栎的年轮特征.温度,降雨量和日照时数等环境因子共同制约着岩溶区青冈栎的生长.     

云南石林公园不同生境蚂蚁多样性研究

2003年5月下旬(雨季初期)和9月下旬(雨季后期),选择云南石林公园地带性植被滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsisglaucoides)林(原始林)、次生林、灌丛、草地、云南松(Pinusyunnanensis)林5种生境,采用陷阱诱捕法采集蚂蚁,共获蚂蚁8775头,隶属4亚科16属26种。优势种为阿诗玛无刺蚁(Kartidrisashima)、布立毛蚁(Pseudolasiusbournica)和重庆弓背蚁(Campontuschongqingensis)。两个季节蚂蚁多样性指数均以原始林最低,灌丛和松林最高。各生境蚂蚁群落相似性低,相似性系数在0–0.2609之间。结果显示,蚂蚁的多样性受多种环境因子影响;与地带性植被相比,蚂蚁群落在人为干扰的各种生境中已发生较大的变化。