桂西南蚬木群落优势树种分布与环境因子的关系

蚬木(Excentrodendron hsienmu)是广泛分布于桂西南喀斯特山地的优良用材树种,了解影响蚬木群落物种分布的主要环境因子,对蚬木资源的有效保护具有重要意义。该研究基于桂西南蚬木群落的样地调查,测定了样地中乔木树种的重要值以及海拔、坡度、坡向、土壤养分等8个环境因子,采用Pearson相关分析研究了地形与土壤等环境因子间的相互关系,运用典范对应分析(CCA)方法对群落主要树种与环境因子间的关系进行了排序。结果表明:调查共记录到胸径≥1.0 cm、树高≥1.5 m的立木共176种,隶属于50科128属;群落乔木层以蚬木占绝对优势,主要伴生种有广西澄广花(Orophea anceps)、金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)、割舌树(Walsura robusta)、苹婆(Sterculia nobilis)。相关分析显示海拔与土壤有机质、全氮间呈极显著正相关;除土壤pH之外,其余土壤肥力因子间均呈极显著正相关。CCA分析显示全钾、全磷对群落优势种的分布影响最为显著,坡向、坡度对优势种分布也具有重要作用。该研究结果揭示了影响蚬木群落物种分布的主要环境因子,为该区域的植被恢复措施提供了科学依据。     

Energy and speleogenesis: Key determinants of terrestrial species richness in caves

The aim of this study was to unravel the relative role played by speleogenesis (i.e., the process in which a cave is formed), landscape‐scale variables, and geophysical factors in the determination of species richness in caves. Biological inventories from 21 caves located in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula along with partial least square (PLS) regression analysis were used to assess the relative importance of the different explanatory variables. The caves were grouped according to the similarity in their species composition; the effect that spatial distance could have on similarity was also studied using correlation between matrices. The energy and speleogenesis of caves accounted for 44.3% of the variation in species richness. The trophic level of each cave was the most significant factor in PLS regression analysis, and epigenic caves (i.e., those formed by the action of percolating water) had significantly more species than hypogenic ones (i.e., those formed by the action of upward flows in confined aquifers). Dissimilarity among the caves was very high (multiple‐site β_sim = 0.92). Two main groups of caves were revealed through the cluster analysis, one formed by the western caves and the other by the eastern ones. The significant—but low—correlation found between faunistic dissimilarity and geographical distance (r = .16) disappeared once the caves were split into the two groups. The extreme beta‐diversity suggests a very low connection among the caves and/or a very low dispersal capacity of the species. In the region under study, two main factors are intimately related to the richness of terrestrial subterranean species in caves: the amount of organic material (trophic level) and the formation process (genesis). This is the first time that the history of a cave genesis has been quantitatively considered to assess its importance in explaining richness patterns in comparison with other factors more widely recognized.     

海南凤仙花不同海拔种群的传粉生物学

凤仙花属(Impatiens)植物具有极为广泛的多样性和类型各异的特化传粉者, 被誉为“双子叶的兰花”, 受到众多传粉生物学家的关注。本文以海南特有种海南凤仙花(Impatiens hainanensis)为研究对象, 对3个不同海拔梯度的种群进行了开花生物学特性和开花物候、花器官结构、花粉活力和柱头活性、传粉者种类和访花行为及繁育系统的比较研究。结果表明: 单花花期4.10 ± 0.46 d, 雄性期和雌性期分别约为3.15 ± 0.24 d和0.95 ± 0.36 d; 种群开花峰期在8月初, 高海拔种群的花期高峰相对滞后。低、中海拔种群花粉活力呈现先升高后下降的趋势, 以开花第2 d花粉活力最高; 高海拔种群花粉活力随开花时间推移逐渐下降; 柱头活性随开花时间的推移而增强, 高海拔种群开花各天次均较低、中海拔种群低。主要传粉昆虫为黄黑无垫蜂(Amegilla leptocoma)和绿条无垫蜂(A. zonata), 低、中海拔种群以黄黑无垫蜂为主, 高海拔种群以绿条无垫蜂为主。未观察到自动自花授粉和无融合生殖现象, 人工授粉能明显增加坐果率(75-90%), 自然坐果率在高海拔种群相对较低(40-60%), 说明存在较强的传粉者限制。海南凤仙花的保护需要同时关注其有效传粉者的保护, 促进有效传粉昆虫在不同海拔种群之间的往来, 保证种群间的花粉流与种子流, 维持海南凤仙花的种群遗传多样性与有效种群大小。     

Patterns of endemism of the eastern North American cave fauna

Aim Over 250 species of obligate terrestrial cave‐dwelling animals (troglobionts) are known from single caves in the eastern United States. We investigate their geographical distribution, especially in relation to other troglobionts. We relate these patterns to taxonomic group, opportunities for dispersal and geographical location. Location Caves of the United States east of the Mississippi River. Methods We associated over 3000 records of more than 450 troglobiotic species and subspecies with hexagons of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 km² in size. We calculated Moran's I, black–white joins and cubic regression of endemics on non‐endemics at all three spatial scales. For 5000 km² hexagons, we modelled the spatial autocorrelation of the residuals of the cubic regression of endemics on non‐endemics. Results Differences among orders in percentage single‐cave endemism were not significant, except for Pseudoscorpionida, which was higher (69%) than any other order. At all three scales, Moran's I and black–white joins were significant, indicating a clumped distribution of both single‐cave endemics and other troglobionts. Spatial patterns were similar at all three scales and Moran's I was highest at 5000 km². The cubic fit of endemics to non‐endemics was consistently better, with less systematic error or residuals, than were linear or quadratic models. Residuals showed a significant geographical pattern with excess endemics in more southerly locations. Main conclusions There was both a non‐spatial and spatial component to the pattern of single‐cave endemism. The non‐spatial component was the association of high levels of single‐cave endemism with areas of high diversity of non‐endemics. It may be that both are high because of high secondary productivity. Spatially, single‐cave endemism is high in central rather than peripheral areas and in the southern part of the range. It is not higher in areas of more dissected limestone, which would reduce migration rates; if anything endemism is lower. Regional spatial effects are important, indicating that cave communities cannot be understood (or protected) in isolation.     

三只羊岩溶峰丛洼地果-药复合栽培模式研究

岩溶峰丛洼地的耕地可分为3种类型：洼底平地、带状阶梯地和高坡石穴地。传统的玉米＋黄豆种植模式在三种类型耕地上的产值均很低,需要调整品种结构,改革种植模式。该文报道了基于三种耕地特点的四种果一药复合种植试验,即沙田柚＋绞股蓝、大果枇杷＋射干＋扶芳藤、无核黄皮＋射干＋扶芳藤、四月桃＋金银花。初步结果显示,四种模式均可大幅度提高耕地的产值,可作为岩溶峰丛洼地地区生态农业可持续发展的重要模式。     

Aggregated spatial distributions of species in a subtropical karst forest,southwestern China

Aims Spatial distribution patterns of species reflect not only the ecological processes but also the habitat features that are related to species distribution. In karst topography, species distribution patterns provide more specific information about their environments. The objectives of this study are as follows: (i) to analyse and explain the spatial distribution patterns of conspecific trees in an old-growth subtropical karst forest; (ii) to investigate pattern changes at different spatial scales; (iii) to test the spatial pattern similarity (or dissimilarity) between trees at different abundances, diameter at breast height classes, canopy layers and different functional groups (shade tolerance and seed dispersal mode); (iv) to examine whether habitat heterogeneity has an important effect on the species spatial distribution.Methods The spatial distributions of woody species with ≥20 individuals in a 1-ha subtropical karst forest plot at Maolan in southwestern China were quantified using the relative neighbourhood density Ω based on the average density of conspecific species in a circular neighbourhood around each species.Important findings Aggregated distribution is the dominant pattern in the karst forest, but the ratio of aggregated species in total species number decreases with an increase in spatial scale. Less abundant species are more aggregated than most abundant species. Aggregation is weaker in larger diameter classes, which is consistent with the prediction of self-thinning. Seed dispersal mode influences spatial patterns, with species dispersed by animals being less aggregated than those dispersed by wind and gravity. Other species functional traits (e.g. shade tolerance) also influence the species spatial distributions. Moreover, differences among species habitat associations, e.g. with rocky outcrops, play a significant role in species spatial distributions. These results indicate that habitat heterogeneity, seed dispersal limitation and self-thinning primarily contribute to the species spatial distributions in this subtropical karst forest.     

Effects of monsoon on distribution patterns of tropical plants in Asia

Comparing with other regions, Asia is mostly dominated by the monsoon climate and tropical plants can be found at the furthest places away from the equator. Understanding the role of monsoon in the dispersal and evolution of tropical plants is helpful for exploring the distribution patterns of vegetation and mechanisms underlying the origin and maintenance of biodiversity in Asia. In summer, there are three types of monsoon in Asia, i.e. East Asia Monsoon, South Asia Monsoon, North-west Pacific Ocean Monsoon. The summer monsoon climate in Asia originated at about 40 Ma, when the early angiosperm evolved and started its diversification in Southeast Asia and South China. It suggested that the monsoon may facilitate the quick speciation and spread of early angiosperm. Monsoon climate facilitates the northward spread of Asia’s tropical plants and some tropical plants can be found even at Yarlung Zangbo River and the boundaries of Guizhou-Guangxi-Yunnan. Such effetcs largely change distribution patterns of zonal vegetation and even causes local vegetation types in some places with unusual topography such as tropical seasonal rainforests, monsoon rainforests, savanna and grassland along dry-hot valley in Southwest China, coastal savanna in West Hainan Island. The three summer monsoons interact at Southwest China and Indo-China Peninsula and these regions are dominated by limestone landscapes and high mountains with big rivers. Some Asia-endemic tropical taxa even formed a diversification and endemism center at this region, which may be a reason for the formation and maintenance of Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots with global warming, the monsoon may further promote the northward spread of tropical plants and may have fundamental effects on biodiversity and flora evolution in South China.     

不同喀斯特小生境中土壤丛枝菌根真菌的遗传多样性

为探明西南喀斯特地区小生境土壤中丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的遗传多样性特征, 利用巢式PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳相结合的分子生物学方法, 对茂兰3种植被类型下的小生境(石缝、石沟、土面) AMF遗传多样性进行了研究。结果发现: 各类小生境都含有丰富的AMF遗传多样性, 灌木林土面的多样性指数和物种丰富度最高, 为4.06和68; 次生林石缝的最低, 为3.16和29, 所研究的9个小生境多样性指数和物种丰富度的平均值分别高达3.67和48, 高于同类研究在其他地区的结果, 这可能主要与喀斯特生态系统复杂的结构和较高的植物多样性有关; 聚类分析显示各类小生境间的AMF群落结构差异显著, 相似性指数最高仅为0.45, 说明小生境所带来的空间异质性对AMF的遗传多样性产生了显著影响; 基因测序显示球囊霉属(Glomus)极有可能是喀斯特地区AMF的优势菌属, 在以后筛选喀斯特地区的高效生态恢复菌种时可重点考虑球囊霉属的一些菌种。     

贵州省普定县不同植被演替阶段的物种组成与群落结构特征

通过对贵州省普定县喀斯特地区不同植被演替阶段群落的调查, 研究了植被演替过程中群落物种组成和群落结构的变化。结果表明, 该地区的植被主要处于5个演替阶段, 即次生乔木林、乔灌过渡林、藤刺灌丛、稀灌草丛以及火烧干扰后的蕨类植物群落。本次调查共记录到植物365种, 隶属89科218属。其中, 蕨类植物31种, 隶属14科23属; 种子植物334种, 隶属75科195属。物种分布较多的科主要有蔷薇科、菊科、禾本科、百合科、忍冬科、唇形科、莎草科、樟科、葡萄科和水龙骨科。随着正向演替的推进, 物种丰富度增加, 群落结构趋于复杂化。藤刺灌丛与乔灌过渡林群落层次不明显, 次生乔木林分层明显。从藤刺灌丛向次生乔木林演替的过程中, 小径级个体所占比例明显降低, 高于1.3 m植物的总密度、乔木密度和藤本密度都先升高后降低, 而灌木密度呈逐渐降低的趋势。对喀斯特地区植被的恢复提出了参考措施。     

滇石林喀斯特植物群落不同演替阶段的溶痕生境中木本植物的更新特征

喀斯特生境与生物多样性的关系及其对人为干扰的响应是喀斯特地区生态恢复的重要内容。该文以云南石林为例对此进行研究。根据喀斯特溶痕与土壤、植物生长发育关系把石林的溶痕生境划分为溶蚀廊道、溶槽、裂隙溶沟、溶坑和溶蚀石堆等5种。依据石林的现有植被与演替特征, 选择了原生林、次生林、灌丛、灌草丛和石漠化草丛5种群落进行调查。在每一个样地中设置10个10 m × 10 m的样方, 采用记名计数样方法分片调查溶痕生境中的木本植物, 并区分更新层的萌生苗与实生苗; 采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数进行生物多样性计算。调查结果显示: (1)溶痕生境的长度、宽度变化较大。溶痕生境结构比例随群落演替而变化, 其原因可能在于所处演替阶段和干扰程度的差异; (2) 在各种溶痕生境中, 随着群落的退化, 实生更新物种数与实生株数大致表现为递减, 在严重退化阶段部分溶痕生境中没有实生苗的分布, 而萌生更新的物种数则以灌丛为峰值向两极减少, 个体数变化较大。计算结果显示: 在各类溶痕生境(溶蚀石堆除外)中, 实生苗的多样性、丰富度、均匀度大致呈现随群落的退化而降低, 优势度增加; 萌生苗多样性、均匀度、丰富度除溶蚀廊道递减的趋势明显外, 其他类型变化较大。不同演替阶段植物更新策略不同。在喀斯特森林生态系统中, 随着群落的退化, 植物更新逐步趋向于营养繁殖, 其部分原因在于特殊的溶痕生境(除溶蚀廊道)能保存一些植物残体, 而这些残体在反复的干扰下不断萌出茎干(采用营养繁殖)以实现物种的持续生态位, 萌生茎干的成熟为生物多样性维持与生态恢复提供繁殖体来源。