喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤有机质的空间变化及其对干扰的响应

通过网格(10 m×10 m)取样,运用地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地4类典型干扰区表层土壤（0～20 cm）有机质的空间变异、分布,及其生态学过程和机制.结果表明:随着干扰强度降低,植被由农作物(Ⅰ)—人工林(Ⅱ)—次生林(Ⅲ)—原生林(Ⅳ)顺向演替,土壤有机质逐步提高,且达到了显著水平(P＜0.05).4类干扰区均具有良好的空间自相关性,不同干扰区空间变异特征不同,除Ⅲ类干扰区土壤有机质半变异函数优化符合指数模型外,其他3类干扰区均符合高斯模型;Ⅰ类区土壤有机质的空间自相关呈中等程度,C₀/(C₀+C)值达26.5%,其他3类干扰区C₀/(C₀+C)值在9.0%～22.6%,呈强烈的空间相关性;由于人类干扰强烈,Ⅰ和Ⅱ类区呈低能量匀质状态,变程及空间自相关范围较大,Ⅳ类区植被覆盖率较高,变程也较大;Ⅲ类区干扰强度中等,植被类型多且分布不均,变程最小;Ⅱ和Ⅳ类区的分维数（D）值较小,土壤有机质的空间依赖性较强;而Ⅰ和Ⅲ类区D值较大, 土壤有机质空间分布的随机变异较大;Ⅰ和Ⅱ类区土壤有机质呈单峰分布,Ⅲ类区土壤有机质呈凹型分布,Ⅳ类区呈凸型分布.减少干扰是喀斯特峰丛洼地脆弱生态系统土壤质量改善、植被迅速恢复及生态重建的重要保障.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质的组成特征与作用

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类典型生态系统动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)土壤矿质养分因子(7个)、植被(9个)、地形(4个)、土壤理化性状(10个)共计30个指标的全面调查取样分析,采用经典统计分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了土壤矿物质的组成特征、作用以及与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的耦合关系.结果表明： 喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤矿物质组成以SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Fe2O3为主,明显低于全球土壤平均背景值和同区域地带性红壤,CaO、MgO含量居中,MnO含量很低;不同生态系统土壤矿物质组成和变异不同,土壤的发育程度也不同,植被和土壤的原生性呈同比正相关,均有潜在的石漠化风险;4类生态系统景观异质性高,主成分分析的降维效果不好,土壤矿物质均为各生态系统的主要影响因子,且与植被、地形、其他土壤性状的关系非常密切,特别是SiO2、CaO和MnO,其中对植被的影响主要是物种多样性,对土壤则为有机质、全氮、全钾等主要养分.土壤矿物质是影响喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤肥力和植物生长发育的限制因子之一,有效利用矿物质资源、合理施用矿质养分对喀斯特退化生态系统的恢复与重建作用重大.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林类型植物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

研究西南喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林、原生林3个不同森林类型的6个代表性植物群落C、N、P化学计量特征及其与土壤的关系.结果表明: 不同森林类型植物和土壤C、N、P含量均存在显著差异.土壤C和N含量均为次生林最高,人工林最低,土壤P含量为人工林最高,原生林最低;植物C和P含量变化趋势为人工林>原生林>次生林,植物N含量为次生林最高,原生林最低.土壤C∶P、N∶P以及植物C∶P均为原生林显著高于次生林和人工林,土壤C∶N在不同森林类型间差异不显著;植物N∶P为次生林最高,人工林最低,植物C∶N为原生林>人工林>次生林.在不同森林类型中,乔木叶片N含量与P含量、C∶N与C∶P以及C∶P与N∶P之间均呈显著线性正相关,除了植物叶片C∶N与N∶P以及土壤C∶N与N∶P之间呈显著线性负相关外,植物和土壤的C、N、P、C∶P均无显著相关性,说明土壤C、N、P供应量对乔木叶片C、N、P含量影响不大.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统土壤微生物与养分的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地农作区、人工林、次生林、原生林4类生态系统土壤微生物量、微生物数量及土壤养分的分析,本文探讨了不同生态系统土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分的耦合关系.结果表明:不同生态系统微生物种群组成不同,真菌比率均较低,农作区、人工林、原生林的放线菌比率较大,而次生林细菌比率较大;不同生态系统中微生物量碳(Cmic)与微生物量氮(Nmic)、微生物量磷(Pmic)的相关性均达到了显著或极显著水平;不同生态系统土壤微生物量与土壤养分的关系密切,而微生物数量与土壤养分的相关性均较弱,表明土壤微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌种群数量分布的随机性较大,而不是受单一养分因子的控制;不同生态系统中土壤微生物属性和土壤养分的耦合关系不同:农作区土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、全磷(TP)起较大作用,主要影响土壤Cmic、细菌和真菌;人工林中土壤水分、SOM、全氮(TN)、TP主要影响土壤微生物量;次生林中以pH、SOM、TP、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)主要影响土壤微生物量和真菌;原生林主要有pH、TP、AN影响土壤微生物量和细菌.     

桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落特征及其与土壤的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林4个生态系统24个样地(20 m × 20 m)的系统取样调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统群落的结构组成与生物多样性特征, 选取代表植物群落和土壤性质的35个指标, 对不同生态系统及整个喀斯特脆弱生态系统植物群落与土壤主要养分、土壤矿质养分和土壤微生物间的相互关系进行了主成分分析与典范相关分析。结果表明: 沿草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林的顺向演替发展, 重要值(importance value, IV)>10.00的科、属、种及物种多样性最大值出现在次生林, 群落结构最佳值出现在顶级群落原生林; 喀斯特峰丛洼地景观异质性高, 各生态系统影响因子不同, 土壤微生物在喀斯特脆弱生态系统处于主导地位, 其次为灌丛; 不同集团因子的典范相关分析表明, 植物多样性指标与土壤氮素、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、土壤微生物生物量碳(C_mic)、真菌和细菌关系密切。因此, 在喀斯特脆弱生态系统恢复与重建过程中, 应针对不同生态系统制定相应的培育管理措施。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林群落的组成与生物多样性特征

不同退化程度石漠化生态重建的关键是恢复植被, 提高土地生产力。本文基于动态监测样地(200 m × 40 m)植被的全面调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林和原生林3类典型森林群落木本植物的组成与生物多样性特征。结果表明, 3类森林的物种组成分别为26科52属65种、33科68属100种和43科91属123种, 常绿物种分别占41.54%、47.00%和52.85%; 科、属、种和生活型组成复杂, 优势科或种明显, TWINSPAN分类第3级水平上可分别划分为8、9和8个群落类型。原生林多样性和结构性指标均高于人工林和次生林, 人工林的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、均匀度、冠幅、胸径和树高均高于次生林, 而种类、密度和盖度则低于次生林。不同类型森林群落特征不同, 应采取相应的经营策略。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地旱季土壤水分的空间变化及主要影响因子

基于动态监测样地(200 m×40 m)的网格(10 m×10 m)取样,用地统计学方法研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地4类典型生态景观类型旱季表层土壤(0—10 cm)水分的空间变化,通过主成分分析和相关分析,探讨了其生态学过程和机制。结果表明,沿严重、重度、中度和轻度的干扰递减梯度,喀斯特峰丛洼地产生了农作物(Ⅰ)→人工林(Ⅱ)→次生林(Ⅲ)→原生林(Ⅳ) 的4类典型生态景观格局变化,土壤水分显著提高,变异系数逐渐增大;4类生态景观类型的土壤水分均具有良好的空间自相关性,正负空间自相关距离反映了性质不同的两大斑块,Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ下半部斑块的半径为50 m,拐点在坡地和洼地的分界处,Ⅱ的下半部斑块的半径为75 m,拐点是土地利用方式的转折点;不同景观类型空间变异特征不同,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的半变异函数分别符合指数模型、高斯模型、指数模型和球状模型,基台值(C0+C)升高,变程缩小,系统的空间总变异增强,其中Ⅰ和Ⅳ的\[C0/(C0+C)\]值分别为48.3%和39.4%,空间相关中等,Ⅱ和Ⅲ的\[C0/(C0+C)\]值≤25%,空间相关强烈;Kriging等值线图清楚表明Ⅰ和Ⅳ土壤水分呈凸型分布,Ⅱ呈单峰分布,Ⅲ呈凹型分布。主成分分析显示除海拔和坡位始终是影响4类生态景观类型土壤水分的主导因子外,不同景观类型的其他主导因子不同,且同一因子在不同景观类型与土壤水分的正负作用关系和相关程度也不同。因此,应根据4类典型生态景观类型土壤水分的空间变化及主要影响因子制定相应的水资源合理利用和管理策略。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统的土壤肥力变化特征

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林6种典型生态系统的土壤主要养分、矿质养分和微生物这3组变量共计20个指标的调查、取样和分析,运用多重比较分析、主成分分析和典范相关分析探讨了其土壤肥力变化特征、主要影响因子及两两之间的相互关系。结果表明,喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤pH值为6.60—7.75,土壤主要养分、微生物种群数量和微生物生物量明显高于同纬度地区地带性红壤,矿质养分含量相对较低,其中SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3占矿质全量的90%以上。土壤肥力的总体趋势为原生林>次生林>灌丛>草丛>坡耕地>人工林。喀斯特石漠化地区实行林草结合的退耕还林还草模式更有利于土壤生态系统的环境改善,坡耕地应多施有机肥和氮肥,人工林应多施氮肥。原生林植物与养分之间达到了良好的平衡状态,主要应加强森林抚育管理,改善森林环境,保障植物、土壤养分及微生物之间的良好协调关系。确保土壤资源的合理利用,促进喀斯特峰丛洼地乃至整个西南喀斯特区域植被的迅速恢复和生态重建。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同类型森林养分循环特征

以中国西南喀斯特峰丛洼地为研究区域用标准木法和收获法对人工林、次生林、原生林3个不同类型森林的6个代表性群落的生物量、营养元素生物循环量及循环特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不同类型森林群落乔木各器官的养分含量大小顺序为:叶枝根干,林下植被层和凋落物层的养分含量比较高,其含量普遍高于乔木层各组分,仅次于乔木叶片;各组分中营养元素以K、Ca最高,P、Mg最低;(2)3种类型森林间乔木层的养分积累量总规律表现为原生林(4540.30 kg/hm~2)次生林(2107.09 kg/hm~2)人工林(719.51 kg/hm~2),分别占林分养分积累量的88.30%、79.57%和62.60%;(3)3种类型森林生态系统养分总贮量相差不大,均主要集中在土壤层在各层分配格局有所差异;营养元素的年吸收量和年归还量均为次生林原生林人工林,年吸收量分别为:418.80、271.17和148.79 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1);年归还量分别为:182.98、111.43和43.37 kg hm_(-2)a~(-1);(4)不同类型森林养分利用系数总规律为人工林(0.35)次生林(0.20)原生林(0.10);循环系数则相反,为原生林(0.48)次生林(0.46)人工林(0.30);而周转时间为原生林(37.32)人工林(18.63)次生林(13.93)。喀斯特峰丛洼地土层薄,养分贮存能力差,森林养分循环能力相对较弱,沿着强、中、弱干扰递减梯度,3种类型森林养分利用效率和循环能力呈增长趋势。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地植被演替过程中土壤养分的积累及影响因素

以桂西北环江县典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为对象,利用空间代替时间的方法,于2009年分析了植被演替过程中表层土壤(0～15 em)养分的变化及其主要控制因素.结果表明:随着植被正向演替(草地-灌丛-次生林-原生林),表层土壤的有机碳、全氮和全磷等含量显著增加,分别由演替初期(草地)的29.1、2.48和0.72 g·kg-1增加为演替后期(原生林)的73.9、8.10和1.6g·kg-1.土壤阳离子交换量与有机碳和全氮密切相关,是喀斯特土壤C、N积累的主要控制因素;凋落物中的P含量、C/P和N/P是土壤全磷积累的主要控制因素,较高的凋落物P含量、N/P以及较低的C/P有利于土壤中P的积累;而坡度、坡向和裸岩率等地形因子对土壤养分的影响较小.     

Above- and belowground organic matter storage and production in a tropical pine plantation and a paired broadleaf secondary forest

The distribution of tree biomass and the allocation of organic matter production were measured in an 11-yr-old Pinus caribaea plantation and a paired broadleaf secondary forest growing under the same climatic conditions. The pine plantation had significantly more mass aboveground than the secondary forest (94.9 vs 35.6 t ha^-1 for biomass and 10.5 vs 5.0 t ha^{-1 for litter}), whereas the secondary forest had significantly more fine roots (⩽2 mm diameter) than the pine plantation (10.5 and 1.0 t ha^-1, respectively). Standing stock of dead fine roots was higher than aboveground litter in the secondary forest. In contrast, aboveground litter in pine was more than ten times higher than the dead root fraction. Both pine and secondary forests had similar total organic matter productions (19.2 and 19.4 t ha^-1 yr^-1, respectively) but structural allocation of that production was significantly different between the two forests; 44% of total production was allocated belowground in the secondary forest, whereas 94% was allocated aboveground in pine. The growth strategies represented by fast growth and large structural allocation aboveground, as for pine, and almost half the production allocated belowground, as for the secondary forest, illustrate equally successful, but contrasting growth strategies under the same climate, regardless of soil characteristics. The patterns of accumulation of organic matter in the soil profile indicated contrasting nutrient immobilization and mineralization sites and sources for soil organic matter formation.     

Comparing soil organic carbon dynamics in plantation and secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico

We compared the soil carbon dynamics between a pine plantation and a secondary forest, both of which originated from the same farmland abandoned in 1976 with the same cropping history and soil conditions, in the wet tropics in Puerto Rico from July 1996 to June 1997. We found that the secondary forest accumulated the heavy‐fraction organic carbon (HF‐OC) measured by the density fractionation technique, more efficiently than the tree plantation did. Although there was no significant difference in total soil organic carbon (SOC) between the plantation (5.59±0.09 kg m^?2) and the secondary forest (5.68±0.16 kg m^?2), the proportion of HF‐OC carbon to the total SOC was significantly higher in the secondary forest (61%) than in the plantation (45%) (P<0.05). Forest floor mass and aboveground litterfall in the plantation were 168% and 22.8% greater than those in the secondary forest, respectively, while the decomposition rate of leaf litter in the plantation was 23.3% lower than that in the secondary forest. The annual mean soil respirations in the plantation and the secondary forest were 2.32±0.15 and 2.65±0.18 g C m^?2 day^?1, respectively, with a consistently higher rate in the secondary forest than in the plantation throughout the year. Microbial biomass measured by fumigation–incubation method demonstrated a strong seasonal variation in the secondary forest with 804 mg kg^?1 in the wet season and 460 mg kg^?1 in the dry season. However, the seasonal change of microbial biomass in the plantation was less significant. Our results suggested that secondary forests could stock more long‐term SOC than the plantations in the wet tropics because the naturally generated secondary forest accumulated more HF‐OC than the managed plantation.     

木论喀斯特自然保护区土壤微生物生物量的空间格局

土壤微生物是森林生态系统中的重要分解者,在森林生态系统物质循环和能量转换中占有特别重要的地位。以典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为试验对象,利用经典统计学和地统计方法分析了土壤微生物量的空间变异特征。结果表明:土壤微生物量的变异程度均很大,土壤微生物量碳(Cmic)、土壤微生物量氮(Nmic)、土壤微生物量磷(Pmic)的变化范围依次为:44.29—5209.63,20.91—1894.37,0.34—77.06 mg/kg。Cmic、Nmic呈极显著的相关关系,Cmic/Nmic为4.78,明显低于其它生态系统。半变异函数分析表明,Cmic和Nmic的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型,Pmic的最佳拟合模型为球状模型,Cmic/Nmic的最佳拟合模型为指数模型。土壤微生物量的块金值/基台值均介于25%—75%之间,表现为中等空间相关性,说明其受随机因素和结构因素的综合影响。Cmic、Nmic的自相关距离约为50 m,随着滞后距离的增大,自相关函数逐渐向负方向增长,达到显著的负相关。Pmic的Moran’s I在滞后距大于70 m后反而增大,表现为正相关。Cmic/Nmic的Moran’s I较小,在-0.2—0.2之间波动。Cmic、Nmic的空间分布具有很高的相似性,呈凸型片状分布,坡中含量高且向两边递减。Pmic表现为明显不同的分布格局,其在坡中上位和洼地含量较高。Cmic/Nmic呈相反的凹形零星斑块状分布。土壤微生物存在着一定的空间格局,受干扰后其含量急剧降低,因此应加强喀斯特原生生态系统的保护。     

Soil CO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Bold">2</Emphasis></Subscript> efflux and fungal and bacterial biomass in a plantation and a secondary forest in wet tropics in Puerto Rico

We examined the effects of root and litter exclusion on the rate of soil CO₂ efflux and microbial biomass using trenching and tent separation techniques in a secondary forest (SF) and a pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) plantation in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. Soil surface CO₂ efflux was measured using the alkali trap method at 12 randomly-distributed locations in each treatment (control, root exclusion, litter exclusion, and both root and litter exclusion) in the plantation and the SF, respectively. We measured soil CO₂ efflux every two months and collected soil samples at each sampling location in different seasons to determine microbial biomass from August 1996 to July 1997. We found that soil CO₂ efflux was significantly reduced in the litter and root exclusion plots (7-year litter and/or root exclusion) in both the secondary forest and the pine plantation compared with the control. The reduction of soil CO₂ efflux was 35.6% greater in the root exclusion plots than in the litter exclusion plots in the plantation, whereas a reversed pattern was found in the secondary forest. Microbial biomass was also reduced during the litter and root exclusion period. In the root exclusion plots, total fungal biomass averaged 31.4% and 65.2% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively, while the total bacterial biomass was 24% and 8.3% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively. In the litter exclusion treatment, total fungal biomass averaged 69.2% and 69.7% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively, while the total bacterial biomass was 48% and 50.1% lower than the control plots in the plantation and the secondary forest, respectively. Soil CO₂ efflux was positively correlated with both fungal and bacterial biomass in both the plantation the secondary forest. The correlation between soil CO₂ efflux and active fungal biomass was significantly higher in the plantation than in the secondary forest. However, the correlation between the soil CO₂ efflux and both the active and total bacterial biomass was significantly higher in the secondary forest than in the plantation in the day season. In addition, we found soil CO₂ efflux was highly related to the strong interactions among root, fungal and bacterial biomass by multiple regression analysis (R² > 0.61, P < 0.05). Our results suggest that carbon input from aboveground litterfall and roots (root litter and exudates) is critical to the soil microbial community and ecosystem carbon cycling in the wet tropical forests.     

Accelerated soil CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> efflux after conversion from secondary oak forest to pine plantation in southeastern China

Soil respiration (R _s) is an important component of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems, and changes in soil respiration with land cover alteration can have important implications for regional carbon balances. In southeastern China (Xiashu Experimental Forest, Jiangsu Province), we used an automated LI-8100 soil CO₂ flux system to quantify diurnal variation of soil respiration in a secondary oak forest and a pine plantation. We found that soil respiration in the pine plantation was significantly higher than that in the secondary oak forest. There were similar patterns of soil respiration throughout the day in both the secondary oak forest and the pine plantation during our 7-month study (March–September 2005). The maximum of R _s occurred between 4:00 pm and 7:00 pm. The diurnal variations of R _s were usually out of phase with soil surface (0.5 cm) temperature (T _g). However, annual variation in R _s correlated with surface soil temperature. Soil respiration reached to a maximum in June, and decreased thereafter. The Q₁₀ of R _s in the secondary oak forest was significantly higher than that in the pine plantation. The higher Q₁₀ value in the secondary oak forest implied that it might release more CO₂ than the pine plantation under a global-warming scenario. Our results indicated that land-use change from secondary forest to plantation may cause a significant increase in CO₂ emission, and reduce the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in southeastern China.     

不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤微生物群落特征

基于对喀斯特峰丛洼地6种土地利用类型(坡耕地、草丛、灌丛、人工林、次生林、原生林)的土壤微生物、养分、矿物质和植被4组变量35个指标的调查分析,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物种群数量、微生物生物量C、N、P及其分形特征,以及土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、矿物质的关系.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下喀斯特峰丛洼地的土壤微生物种群数量及组成不同.微生物种群数量均以原生林和坡耕地最高,人工林最低;3种森林土壤的细菌比率较大,坡耕地、草丛、灌丛的放线菌比率较大,真菌的比率均很小;土壤微生物生物量C、N、P的含量均很高,其中原生林最高;土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物种群数量具有良好的分形关系,而土壤微生物生物量氮、磷与种群数量不存在分形关系;土壤微生物与植被、土壤养分、土壤矿物质显著相关,其中土壤微生物生物量碳与乔木层的Shannon指数、土壤速效氮、Fe₂O₃、CaO含量显著相关.