Biological control of Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae): feasibility,prospective agents and research gaps

The tropical fruit tree, Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), a native of the Indian subcontinent, is a pasture and environmental weed in northern Australia and Fiji. In their native range, Ziziphus spp., including commercially cultivated Z. mauritiana and Z. jujuba, are subjected to a wide range of pests and diseases. The feasibility of classical biological control of this weed has not been explored to date. Effective biological control could reduce plant vigour and seed output, thereby limiting the spread of Z. mauritiana in Australia. Two Ziziphus species are native to Australia, hence, any prospective biological control agent should be specific to Z. mauritiana. Opportunistic field surveys and literature searches identified 133 species of phytophagous insects, 9 species of phytophagous mites and 12 plant pathogens on Ziziphus spp. Host records suggest the following are possibly specific to Z. mauritiana and hence are prospective biological control agents in Australia: the seed‐feeding weevil Aubeus himalayanus; the leaf‐feeding gracillariid moth Phyllonorycter iochrysis; the leaf‐mining chrysomelid beetle Platypria erinaceus; the leaf‐folding crambid moth Synclera univocalis; the leaf‐galling midge Phyllodiplosis jujubae; and the gall‐mites Aceria cernuus and Larvacarus transitans. Host range of the rust Phakopsora zizyphi‐vulgaris includes many Ziziphus species, including the native Z. oenoplia and hence would not be a suitable biological control agent in Australia. The powdery mildew Pseudoidium ziziphi, with a host range restricted to Ziziphus species, has not been reported on Z. oenoplia. All available information on the pests and diseases of Z. mauritiana are from cultivated varieties. Hence, future surveys should focus on wild Z. mauritiana in the Indian subcontinent in areas that are climatically similar to the regions of northern Australia, where it is currently most abundant.     

浙江主要桃产区桃园昆虫群落结构及多样性研究

为了探究浙江主要桃产区(嘉兴、富阳、奉化)桃园昆虫群落结构和多样性,本实验使用马来氏网法、灯诱法、黄盘法等采集各桃园昆虫,并鉴定到科、属、种,将其分为天敌类昆虫、害虫类昆虫,进而筛选出优势种等。结果显示,共采集昆虫标本23247号,其中嘉兴桃园13826号,富阳桃园5577号,奉化桃园3844号;鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、双翅目等为优势类群。不同桃园昆虫群落多样性(Shannon-Wiener)指数和均匀度指数为富阳奉化嘉兴,物种丰富度为富阳奉化嘉兴,优势集中性指数为富阳奉化嘉兴。稳定性分析的结果表明富阳桃园昆虫群落中,天敌类昆虫对害虫类昆虫能起到较好的调控,拥有较强的适应和抵抗外界干扰的能力。综合以上各项昆虫群落分析的结果,表明富阳桃园的昆虫群落稳定性最高。     

枣不同基因型在体愈伤芽再生能力评价与同质多倍体新种质创制

枣树田间在体愈伤途径同质多倍体诱导新技术可有效避免倍性嵌合体产生,快速获得纯多倍体。在体愈伤芽再生是该技术成功应用的基础。利用该技术,对115个枣和4个酸枣基因型的田间愈伤芽再生能力进行了评价,并对4个枣基因型进行了多倍体诱导。结果表明:94.78%的枣基因型和100%的酸枣基因型可诱导出愈伤组织,80%的枣基因型和100%的酸枣基因型实现了芽再生。不同枣基因型间出愈率存在显著差异,变幅为0~100%,平均出愈率为76.48%,变异系数为37%;基于出愈率将供试基因型分为5类,即易出愈伤、较易出愈伤、较难出愈伤、难出愈伤和不出愈伤基因型。不同基因型的平均单枝截面出芽数差异显著(0~10.33个),平均出芽数为1.84;据出芽率也可将供试基因型分为5类,即易出芽、较易出芽、较难出芽、难出芽和不出芽基因型。出愈率和出芽率没有显著相关性,易出愈伤的基因型不一定易出芽。利用田间愈伤途径同质多倍体诱导新技术,获得了乐金1号、宁夏长枣、运城婆婆枣3个枣品种的纯四倍体新种质和磨盘枣的纯三倍体新种质。     

生长素类物质对植原体感染酸枣组培苗的影响

观察生长素类物质对感染植原体病酸枣试管苗影响的结果表明：添加外源NAA和IBA后的病苗丛枝症状和不加生长素类物质相似,均表现伸长生长和梢较上部位有多个分枝梢生长,而在培养基中添加IAA后可使病苗从其基部产生更多丛生芽。培养9个月后,用NAA、IBA和IAA处理的都没有检测出植原体病原脱除的绿苗,也没有观察到丛生症状减轻的病苗。     

有机化梨园节肢动物群落时间动态的聚类分析

对北京顺义地区有机化梨园中2个不同栽培区节肢动物总群落、害虫及天敌亚群落分别进行时间动态的系统聚类。结果表明,在同一园区内,稀植区和密植区均以木虱为优势种类,相对丰盛度分别达0.3801、0.3300。总群落的24次调查结果稀植区可聚为5类,D=1.87,密植区聚为3类,D=1.80;害虫亚群落调查结果,当两区D=1.80时,稀植区可聚为3类,密植区可聚为4类;天敌亚群落调查结果稀植区聚为4类,D=2.12,密植区聚为5类,D=1.75。在早春的密植区和入秋的稀植区木虱发生量大,应加强监测,及时防治。     

Strategic Conservation of Orchard Germplasm Based on Indigenous Knowledge and Genetic Diversity： a Case Study of Sour Orange Populations in China

To effectively conserve sour orange （Citrus aurantium L.） germplasm on two islands at the estuary of the Yangtze River in China, we estimated genetic variation and relationships of the known parental trees and their proposed descendents （young trees） using the fingerprints of random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD）. Results based on RAPD analyses showed considerable genetic diversity in the parental populations （He = 0.202）. The overall populations including the parental and young trees showed slightly higher genetic diversity （He = 0.298） than the parents, with about 10% variation between populations. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis dendrogram based on cluster analysis of the Jaccard similarity among individuals demonstrated a more complicated relationship of the parental and young trees from the two islands, although the young trees showed a clear association with parental trees. This indicates a significant contribution of parental trees in establishing the sour orange populations on the two islands. According to farmers＇ knowledge, conservation of only one or two parental trees would be sufficient because they believed that the whole populations were generated from a single mother tree. However, this study suggests that preserving most parental trees and some selected young trees with distant genetic relationships should be an effective conservation strategy for sour orange germplasm on the two islands.     

苹果密植园与间伐园树冠层内叶片光合潜力比较

通过对成龄苹果密植园和间伐园树冠不同层次和部位叶片光合潜力及辐射通量密度、叶片N含量和比叶重等指标的比较分析,研究了苹果园改造前后辐射能和氮素利用效率差异及其与产量品质的关系.结果表明：间伐显著改善了冠层内的辐射环境,间伐园冠层内的辐射分布明显比密植园均匀,相对辐射通量密度小于30%的无效光区接近0,而密植园冠层内的最低相对辐射通量密度为17%,在相对高度03以下均为无效光区;间伐园内冠层叶片的光合效率显著提高,间伐园树冠中、下部叶片的光合速率比密植园分别提高了78%和102%;叶片的最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率也有较大幅度的提升.苹果园冠层叶片的光合效率与叶片N含量存在显著的相关关系,而叶片N含量又与辐射通量密度存在显著的相关关系,因此,可根据冠层叶片相对N含量的垂直分布间接和定量地判断叶片的光合效率或相对辐射通量密度的空间分布.     

枣麦间作枣园主要蚧虫复合种群结构及生态位

为了有效地控制枣树蚧害,2002年在太谷地区对枣麦间作枣园的康氏粉蚧(Pseudococcus comstock Kuwane)、日本蜡蚧(Ceroplastes japonicus Green)和梨园蚧(Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock)的复合种群结构及其生态位进行了系统研究.结果表明,在枣树发育早期,3种蚧虫分布范围主要在下、中部的东、南方位,康氏粉蚧的时空二维生态位的宽度较大,是该时期的优势种.到中期3种蚧虫复合种群的分布聚集在树冠上部的西、北方位,时 空二维生态位的宽度以日本蜡蚧较大,种间相似程度和竞争不明显.后期3种蚧虫的复合种群结构在各部位的各个方位的分布无明显差异,但梨园蚧的虫口密度较大,日本蜡蚧在生态位上占据较大的空间.与枣树发育的中期相比,3种蚧虫复合种群结构的相似性与种间竞争系数的平均值要小.蚧害预防应早期控制康氏粉蚧,中期调治3种蚧虫的危害,后期应采取措施压低越冬虫源.     

黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣林随树龄变化的根系空间分布特征

该文研究了黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣( Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lizao’)林群体根系随树龄变化的空间分布特征。对1年生、4年生、8年生和11年生4种树龄的密植枣林采用剖面法, 获得0-1 m土壤剖面上直径>3 mm、1-3 mm及<1 mm的根系数量和空间位置信息。利用方差分析, 评价了山地密植枣林林分根系随树龄变化的水平和垂直分布特征。结果表明: 3种直径的根系数量均随着树龄的增长而增加, 直径< 1 mm的根系增长速度最快; 随着土层加深, 根系数量递减, 1年生枣林的根系主要聚集在0-40 cm土层中, 4年生及以上树龄的根系主要分布在0-60 cm土层中; 0-1 m土层内, 1年生枣林(株距1.2 m)及4年以上树龄(株距2 m), 同树龄枣林中直径<1 mm的根系水平分布无差异; 同一土层中(0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm), 无论树龄大小及离树干的水平位置如何, 不同直径根系的数量都无差异。研究表明: 在有水肥管理措施的条件下, 枣林根系垂直方向形成浅层型的适应模式; 在密植环境下, 枣林细根形成根网型的适应模式。     

Assessment of cues potentially mediating host selection of Leptoglossus occidentalis on Pinus contorta

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