玫瑰色微球菌A-04的红色素鉴定及稳定性分析

从石油污染的土壤和水样中筛选出一株玫瑰色微球菌A-04 Micrococcus roseus,对其所产红色色素进行了分离,并初步鉴定了色素种类,基于对影响A-04色素稳定性的单因素分析基础之上,采用3因素3水平响应面分析法,进一步对影响色素稳定性的主要因素进行了优化分析。结果表明A-04所产红色色素为类胡萝卜素,对该菌株的色素稳定性的单因素条件分析,色素对环境条件的耐受性较好,在80℃、pH5. 0～8. 0等条件下依然能长时间保持鲜红而不褪色。经响应面优化分析表明:温度、pH和溶剂是影响该色素稳定性的主要因素,温度与溶剂的交互作用对色素稳定性的影响也较为明显。pH5. 0～8. 0之间时,在80℃范围内,温度越低,同时溶剂的极性越大,越有利于维持色素的稳定性。本研究结果为该色素的实际开发和应用奠定了基础。     

发酵麸皮多糖酶辅助提取工艺优化及其生物活性研究

通过响应面法优化提取发酵麸皮多糖的工艺,并评价其体外益生和抗氧化活性。以发酵麸皮多糖的得率为响应值,采用纤维素酶酶解与水浴浸提相结合的方法提取发酵麸皮多糖,以纤维素酶添加量、料液比、水浴浸提温度、水浴浸提时间为试验因素建立数学模型,筛选最佳提取工艺条件。通过测定还原力、DPPH和·OH自由基的清除能力对比发酵和未发酵麸皮多糖的体外抗氧化活性,并通过测定嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌的生长对比发酵和未发酵麸皮多糖的体外益生活性。结果表明,发酵麸皮多糖最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶16(w/v),酶添加量1 000 U/g,水浴浸提温度90℃,水浴浸提时间60 min,在此条件下发酵麸皮多糖的得率实测值为73. 35%。发酵麸皮多糖具有较强的DPPH和·OH自由基的清除能力,可促进嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌的生长。     

Delineation of critical amino acids in activation function 1 of progesterone receptor for recruitment of transcription coregulators

The activation functions AF1 and AF2 of nuclear receptors mediate the recruitment of coregulators in gene regulation. AF1 is mapped to the highly variable and intrinsically unstructured N terminal domain and AF2 lies in the conserved ligand binding domain. The unstructured nature of AF1 offers structural plasticity and hence functional versatility in gene regulation. However, little is known about the key functional residues of AF1 that mediates its interaction with coregulators. This study focuses on the progesterone receptor (PR) and reports the identification of K464, K481 and R492 (KKR) as the key functional residues of PR AF1. The KKR are monomethylated and function cooperatively. The combined mutations of KKR to QQQ render PR isoform B (PRB) hyperactive, whereas KKR to FFF mutations abolishes as much as 80% of PR activity. Furthermore, the hyperactive QQQ mutation rescues the loss of PR activity due to E911A mutation in AF2. The study also finds that the magnitudes of the mutational effect differ in different cell types as a result of differential effects on the functional interaction with coregulators. Furthermore, KKR provides the interface for AF1 to physically interact with p300 and SRC-1, and with AF2 at E911. Intriguingly, the inactive FFF mutant interacts strikingly stronger with both SRC-1 and AF2 than wt PRB. We propose a tripartite model to describe the dynamic interactions between AF1, AF2 and SRC-1 with KKR of AF1 and E911 of AF2 as the interface. An overly stable interaction would hamper the dynamics of disassembly of the receptor complex.     

Photoacoustic microscopy for evaluating a lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation model in mice

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a noninvasive imaging technique and is excellent to study structural and functional changes in the microcirculation. In this work, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation model in mice is noninvasively evaluated by PAM. PAM is used to image the microvascular structural changes in mice for 8 hours after the LPS with different concentrations is applied. Quantitative analysis of five vessel parameters is conducted, which shows that the rate of reduction in microvasculature is highly dependent on the applied LPS concentrations. For low‐concentration LPS, changes in the microvasculature are not obvious over the observation period, whereas for high‐concentration LPS, quick and marked reduction in the microvasculature is observed. In addition, changes in capillaries are more significant than those in relatively large vessels. The results show that PAM is able to evaluate the inflammation mouse model by studying structural (and potentially functional) changes in the microcirculation. Furthermore, PAM may have potential for early intervention and treatment plan optimization of sepsis by monitoring the microcirculation and inflammatory response.      

Life‐history differences across latitude in common side‐blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana)

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Leaf wax n‐alkane patterns of six tropical montane tree species show species‐specific environmental response

It remains poorly understood how the composition of leaf wax n‐alkanes reflects the local environment. This knowledge gap inhibits the interpretation of plant responses to the environment at the community level and, by extension, inhibits the applicability of n‐alkane patterns as a proxy for past environments. Here, we studied the n‐alkane patterns of five Miconia species and one Guarea species, in the Ecuadorian Andes (653–3,507 m a.s.l.). We tested for species‐specific responses in the average chain length (ACL), the C₃₁/(C₃₁ + C₂₉) ratio (ratio), and individual odd n‐alkane chain lengths across an altitudinally driven environmental gradient (mean annual temperature, mean annual relative air humidity, and mean annual precipitation). We found significant correlations between the environmental gradients and species‐specific ACL and ratio, but with varying magnitude and direction. We found that the n‐alkane patterns are species‐specific at the individual chain length level, which could explain the high variance in metrics like ACL and ratio. Although we find species‐specific sensitivity and responses in leaf n‐alkanes, we also find a general decrease in “shorter” (<C₂₉) and an increase in “longer” (>C₃₁) chain lengths with the environmental gradients, most strongly with temperature, suggesting n‐alkanes are useful for reconstructing past environments.     

Dynamic responses of picophytoplankton to physicochemical variation in the eastern Indian Ocean

Picophytoplankton were investigated during spring 2015 and 2016 extending from near‐shore coastal waters to oligotrophic open waters in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO). They were typically composed of Prochlorococcus (Pro), Synechococcus (Syn), and picoeukaryotes (PEuks). Pro dominated most regions of the entire EIO and were approximately 1–2 orders of magnitude more abundant than Syn and PEuks. Under the influence of physicochemical conditions induced by annual variations of circulations and water masses, no coherent abundance and horizontal distributions of picophytoplankton were observed between spring 2015 and 2016. Although previous studies reported the limited effects of nutrients and heavy metals around coastal waters or upwelling zones could constrain Pro growth, Pro abundance showed strong positive correlation with nutrients, indicating the increase in nutrient availability particularly in the oligotrophic EIO could appreciably elevate their abundance. The exceptional appearance of picophytoplankton with high abundance along the equator appeared to be associated with the advection processes supported by the Wyrtki jets. For vertical patterns of picophytoplankton, a simple conceptual model was built based upon physicochemical parameters. However, Pro and PEuks simultaneously formed a subsurface maximum, while Syn generally restricted to the upper waters, significantly correlating with the combined effects of temperature, light, and nutrient availability. The average chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a) of picophytoplankton accounted for above 49.6% and 44.9% of the total Chl a during both years, respectively, suggesting that picophytoplankton contributed a significant proportion of the phytoplankton community in the whole EIO.