Biodegradation of Chlorpyrifos by a Newly Isolated Bacillus subtilis Strain,Y242

A bacterial strain Y242 isolated from agricultural wastewater was found to be highly effective in degrading chlorpyrifos. On the basis of morphology, physiological characteristics, biochemical tests, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequence, the isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The efficiency of the B. subtilis Y242 isolate as a chlorpyrifos degrader was examined under different culture conditions formulated according to the Plackett-Burman experimental design. It was observed that B. subtilis Y242 was able to utilize chlorpyrifos as a sole carbon and energy source and grows on a medium containing concentration up to 150 mg/L. A growth medium formulated based on the results of the Plackett-Burman experiment and supplied with 150 mg/L chlorpyrifos recorded 95.12% pesticide decomposition within 48 h. Degradation study of chlorpyrifos by B. subtilis Y242 was examined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These results suggest that B. subtilis Y242 will be potentially useful in the cleanup of contaminated pesticide waste in the environment.     

甲维盐·毒死蜱及其复配对小菜蛾的毒力分析

以小菜蛾（Plutella xylostellar） 3龄幼虫为试虫测定了甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、毒死蜱及两者5种不同配比的复配剂的毒力,测定结果建立了“时间-剂量-死亡率”模型.根据模型分析结果,甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱混配后增效显著.在5种配比中以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐∶毒死蜱 =1∶ 74为最佳配比,其24-60 h 4个时段的共毒系数在334到550之间;与单剂相比,该配比明显提高了24 h时段内和48-60 h时段的杀虫率.     

毒死蜱亚致死剂量对灰飞虱致害性和繁殖力的影响

为科学用药防治灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)提供理论依据, 采用麦秆浸渍法测定毒死蜱对灰飞虱成虫的室内活性, 并用Parafilm小袋法和滤纸漏斗法测定毒死蜱亚致死剂量对灰飞虱蜜露排泄量、 虫体增重、 产卵量等指标的影响。Parafilm小袋法的测定结果表明, 经毒死蜱亚致死剂量（0.21 mg/L有效成分）处理的灰飞虱单雌蜜露分泌量和虫体增重分别比对照增加10.99%和22.22%, 但与对照相比无显著差异（P>0.05）; 单雌产卵量为79.6±26.4个, 比对照增加12.27%, 差异达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。滤纸漏斗法的测定结果表明, 处理过的灰飞虱雌成虫蜜露分泌面积为119.74±5.90 mm², 比对照增加13.06%, 差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）。毒死蜱亚致死剂量处理后对灰飞虱蜜露分泌量、 虫体增重和单雌产卵量均表现不同程度的促进作用, 说明毒死蜱亚致死剂量可能会导致灰飞虱致害性加剧。本研究结果对深入研究杀虫剂对灰飞虱种群的亚致死效应具有重要的参考价值。     

毒死蜱与阿维菌素增效混配制剂对斑潜蝇属害虫的防治效果

通过有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱与生物源农药阿维菌素混配制剂对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae室内毒力实验,测定共毒系数为165～234,处于明显增效范围内。据此确定最佳配比和次佳配比,配制该增效混剂30%渗透型可湿性粉剂-1和-02,在山东防治美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的田间试验表明药效优良。制剂用量50 g/667m²药后3,7,11天,两可湿粉的校正防效分别为90.43%～91.71%和87.09%～90.53%,可湿粉-1用量25 g/667m²防效为85.96%～88.28%,可湿粉-2用量37.5 g/667m²相应校正防效为84.01%～85.38%,两增效混剂防治斑潜蝇速效性和持效性皆佳,成本有所下降,且对南美洲斑潜蝇L. huidobrensis亦有较好防效。使用可湿粉与乳油相比较可减少投放入环境的化学品数量。     

Analysis of Some Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes in Ghana

Pesticide residues, both natural and synthetic, can be found in most of the things we eat, for example, fruits, vegetables, bread, meat, poultry, fish, and the processed foods made from them. Some of this pesticide contamination is legal, but does this mean it is safe? Much of it is illegal, with residues found in excess of regulatory safe levels. Identifying and determining the level of trace contaminants in our food and environment is critical in protecting and improving human health and the environment. This study evaluates the residue levels of select pesticides used on tomato crops in Ghana that are likely to have accumulated in the tomatoes during application. The results obtained confirm that pesticide residues were indeed present in the tomatoes and further analysis quantified the amount present. Analysis of some organochlorine and organophosphorus residue levels in the fruits indicated that chlorpyrifos, which is an active ingredient of pesticides registered in Ghana under the trade name dursban 4E or terminus 480 EC for use on vegetables, has the greatest residue level of 10.76 mg/kg. The lowest residue level observed was that of pirimiphos-methyl with 0.03 mg/kg. Human health risk assessment was performed on the results obtained from the analysis using Human Health Evaluation computerized software-RISC 4.02. The risk assessment showed cancer risk for adults and children due to the presence of endosulfan and chlopyrifos. Endosulfan is not registered in Ghana as a pesticide for use on vegetables, therefore the detection of endosulfan in several samples indicates misuse of agrochemicals among Ghanaian farmers.     

The effects of five organophosphorus insecticides on thermal stress in tadpoles of the Pacific tree frog, Hyla regilla

Three week old tadpoles of Hyla regilla were exposed to the insecticides temephos, fenthion, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, and malathion for 24 h at concentrations less than and at field applied rates as recommended for mosquito control in California. The thermal tolerance was significantly lowered by all chemicals and concentrations tested. Chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion were the most active compounds tested whereas malathion was the least toxic to H regilla tadpoles. Activity was depressed, in comparison to control tadpoles, by the chemicals methyl parathion (100 ppb) and malathion (500 ppb).     

亚致死剂量毒死蜱对飞蝗细胞色素P450酶活性及基因表达的影响

【目的】研究有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱对飞蝗体内细胞色素P450的影响。【方法】采用酶活力测定法和实时定量PCR技术分别研究了毒死蜱3种亚致死剂量(LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50))处理飞蝗3龄幼虫24 h后,体内细胞色素P450酶活性及CYP409A1和CYP408B1基因表达量的变化。【结果】不同亚致死剂量毒死蜱处理引起细胞色素P450活性显著性降低,分别为对照组的0.68、0.50和0.62倍。同时通过mRNA水平表达的差异比较显示,飞蝗的两个P450基因CYP409A1和CYP408B1的表达受到抑制,均出现表达量减少的现象。【结论】某些细胞色素P450基因表达受不同亚致死剂量毒死蜱的抑制而使酶的量被降低,从而造成飞蝗整体细胞色素P450酶活性的下降。     

Engineered whole-cell biocatalyst-based detoxification and detection of neurotoxic organophosphate compounds

The development of efficient tools is required for the eco-friendly detoxification and effective detection of neurotoxic organophosphates (OPs). Although enzymes have received significant attention as biocatalysts because of their high specific activity, the uneconomic and labor-intensive processes of enzyme production and purification make their broad use in practical applications difficult. Because whole-cell systems offer several advantages compared with free enzymes, including high stability, a reduced purification requirement, and low preparation cost, they have been suggested as promising biocatalysts for the detoxification and detection of OPs. To develop efficient whole-cell biocatalysts with enhanced activity and a broad spectrum of substrate specificity, several factors have been considered, namely the selected strains, the chosen OP-hydrolyzing enzymes, where enzymes are localized in a cell, and which enhancer will assist the expression, function, and folding of the enzyme. In this article, we review the current investigative progress in the development of engineered whole-cell biocatalysts with excellent OP-hydrolyzing activity, a broad spectrum of substrate specificity, and outstanding stability for the detoxification and detection of OPs.     

Cloning of mpd gene from a chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated soil

An effective chlorpyrifos-degrading bacterium (named strain YC-1) was isolated from the sludge of the wastewater treating system of an organophosphorus pesticides manufacturer. Based on the results of phenotypic features, phylogenetic similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences and BIOLOG test, strain YC-1 was identified as the genus Stenotrophomonas. The isolate utilized chlorpyrifos as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus for its growth and hydrolyzed chlorpyrifos to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol. Parathion, methyl parathion, and fenitrothion also could be degraded by strain YC-1 when provided as the sole source of carbon and phosphorus. The gene encoding the organophosphorus hydrolase was cloned using a PCR cloning strategy based on the known methyl parathion degrading (mpd) gene of Plesiomonas sp. M6. Sequence blast result indicated this gene has 99% similar to mpd. The inoculation of strain YC-1 (10(6) cells g(-1)) to soil treated with 100 mg kg(-1) chlorpyrifos resulted in a higher degradation rate than in noninoculated soils. Theses results highlight the potential of this bacterium to be used in the cleanup of contaminated pesticide waste in the environment.