Predicting impacts of global warming on population dynamics and distribution of arthropods in Japan

The mean surface temperature rose by 1.0°C over the last 40 years in Japan. Changes in the pest status, distribution range, winter mortality, and the synchronization in phenology were examined. The increase in the number of annual generations of each taxon was predicted based on the lower developmental threshold and the thermal constant. Increasing damage due to rice- and fruit-infesting bugs, their simultaneous outbreaks and the poleward geographic spread observed for six species may be triggered by global warming. The winter mortality of adults of Nezara viridula and Halyomorpha halys is predicted to be reduced by 15% by each rise of 1°C. More than 50 species of butterflies showed northward range expansions and ten species of previously migrant butterflies established on Nansei Islands during 1966–1987. Global warming may be responsible for the recent decline in abundance of Plutella xylostella and the increase in Helicoverpa armigera and Trichoplusia ni. In general, global warming may work in favour of natural enemies (except for spiders) by increasing the number of generations more than in their host species. Biological control utilizing native natural enemies is expected to become a more important control tactic in the future. Greenhouse culture may provide a model of a temperate agroecosystem after global warming. The increasing occurrence of alien species of tropical origin in association with the increase in pesticide applications might be expected. Interception of alien pests by plant quarantine followed by integrated pest management is needed.     

Winter biology of the blacknose dace,Rhinichthys atratulus,in a southern Ontario stream

Synopsis The winter habitat of stream-dwelling blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus is identified and described from underwater observations in a southern Ontario stream. In late November as water temperatures declined below 5.0°C, dace moved into crevices beneath rubble with a mean maximum diameter of 15.9 cm. Focal point water depth was significantly greater in winter and mid-depth water velocity was significantly faster than measured in the summer. Dace were not observed in open water again until late March when water temperatures increased to 4.0°C. Winter diet analyses which showed minimal feeding were consistent with the seasonal changes in condition factor and percentage body water suggesting a general depletion of body reserves over winter. This physiological change was more pronounced in juveniles.     

南充高坪机场短耳 鸮 越冬期的食性分析和习性观察

2006年3～5月,收集南充高坪机场草地和周围松林越冬期短耳鸮(Asio flammeus)的食团,进行食性分析。在805个完整食团和一些零碎的食团中,小型兽类是短耳食物组成的主要成分,占98.4%,其中四川短尾(Anourosorex squamipes)所占比例最高,为97.2%。通过调查短耳鸮的食团在南充高坪机场草地里的分布情况,分析短耳v在机场草地的栖息地选择,发现短耳鸮并没有选择草高和密集的区域作为栖息场所,而高20cm左右的白茅(Imperata cylindrical)丛是短耳最喜欢栖息的场所。     

Seasonality in daily body mass variation in a hoarding boreal passerine

We studied the body mass variation from autumn to winter, in a free-living population of willow tits (Parus montanus), a food-hoarding passerine living year-round in boreal forests. Our aim was to find out whether this population exhibits winter fattening as part of the annual body mass cycle. True winter fattening is considered to be a strategic response to winter conditions. The strategy includes an increase in both the morning mass and the daily mass increase, as winter approaches. A multivariate approach was used to find which predictors (year, date, age, sex, body size, temperature and snow depth) explained the mass variation in birds measured twice per day. Morning mass variation was explained by sex, age, wing length and snow depth. Independently, date explained morning mass variation only in adult males. None of the predictors explained the variation observed in daily mass increase in any age or sex class. Therefore, we failed to detect winter fattening in our study population of willow tits. Response to increasing night length is not due to higher absolute intake, but to higher energy acquisition rate and decreased night-time energy consumption. The results suggest that willow tits at high latitudes manage increasing energy demands on a short-term basis and respond flexibly to changing conditions by adjusting foraging efficiency and especially night-time energy expenditure.     

Temperature acclimation in overwintering nymphs of a cockroach,Periplaneta japonica: walking on ice

Nymphs of the Yamato cockroach, Periplaneta japonica, showed a seasonal change in the ability to move at low temperature. Laboratory-reared nymphs buried in ice for 15 min-3 h took about 600 s to get up at 25 °C after being placed with their dorsal surface on the floor of a Petri dish. The mean time to get up at 25 °C (recovering time) after 15 or 60-min burial in ice was relatively long in early autumn, decreased rapidly in autumn, reached a minimal level in winter (<100 s) and increased in spring. Temperature was responsible for this seasonal change in physiology, and neither photoperiod nor diapause status was important. Recovering time depended on the acclimation temperature and its duration. For a 10-day exposure in a range of 0-25 °C, the lower the temperature the shorter the recovering. Longer periods of acclimation at these temperatures tended to shorten recovering time. The acquisition of the ability to move on ice is a seasonal phenomenon unique to P. japonica. No comparable response was found in three other cockroaches including two sub-tropical species (Periplaneta americana and Opisthoplatia orientalis) and a temperate species (Blattela nipponica).     

甘肃兴隆山保护区野生马麝的冬季卧息地生境特征

生境是野生动物的栖息基底,卧息地是野生动物重要的功能性生境。为深入了解野生马麝（Moschus chrysogaster）冬季卧息地生境的特征及选择利用,于2021年12月至2022年1月对甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区的野生马麝的功能性生境开展了基于生境取样的研究。通过样线调查法获取马麝卧息痕迹位点,采用主成分分析和资源选择函数法进行其卧息生境选择的研究。结果表明,野生马麝冬季卧息地生境的海拔较低[（2 488.5±26.6）m]、灌木较高[（1.3±0.3）m]、灌木盖度（31.08%±3.14%）和地表植被盖度（38.36%±3.27%）较大、倒木较多[（0.5±0.1）个]且积雪较浅[（1.0±0.3）cm];马麝冬季卧息地多选择位于南坡的下坡位灌丛生境,而且距水源较近、隐蔽度较好。主成分分析表明,乔木因子、食物因子、安全因子和地形因子的累计贡献率达67%;马麝的卧息生境资源选择函数为：Logit(x)=﹣4.967+0.001×海拔﹣0.02×坡度+0.03×乔木郁闭度+0.104×乔木高度+0.17×灌木盖度﹣0.466×雪被深度﹣1.015×坡向,模型预测正确率为91.1%。...     

Winter ecology of nonmigratory Alpine red deer

In winter, red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) that are not receiving supplementary feeding emphasize and rely on energy-saving strategies. In severe winters with deep snow, they select a home-range habitat-windblown alpine pastures above the timberline-that meets the requirements of this strategy: a much lower sinking depth and good forage availability are due to patchy snow distribution, while the open area provides higher radiation, permits group formation and thus sociobiological wellbeing. The energy costs of thermoregulation are minimized by selecting slopes with south to south-west exposures, seeking thermal shelter from strong winds, while high flight distances and horizontal flight routes reduce the energy costs of fleeing. In years with little winter snowfall non-supplemented red deer prefer the greater security of forested habitats in lower areas and obtain higher food intake from slightly more nutritious meadows in the valley bottom. The food-supplemented herd has much more constant and predictable habitat use, combining an energy-saving strategy-choosing alpine pastures as low-cost winter home range-with high energy income at the feeding station.     

施肥对旱地冬小麦近轴和远轴叶面气孔敏感性的影响

 施肥降低旱地冬小麦的叶片水势。当作物体内出现水分胁迫时,冬小麦叶片两面气孔对施肥的反应有明显差异。远轴叶面气孔对施肥的反应比近轴叶面气孔敏感。旱地施肥以后,冬小麦远轴叶面气孔首先收缩,且收缩的程度比近轴叶面大,从而使远轴叶面气孔阻力与近轴叶面气孔阻力的比值(Rab／Rad)增大。旱地施肥以后,远轴和近轴叶面气孔阻力均急剧增大,并且随肥力水平的提高(施肥量增加)而缓慢增大,二者呈直线关系发展趋势。旱地施肥对土壤水势有影响,但不论是提高还是降低土壤水势,均增大Rab／Rad。说明施肥确有增强旱地冬小麦远轴叶面气孔对环境因素变化敏感性的作用。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of aquatic vascular plants and algae in replicated ponds I. Initial response to fertilization

Populations of common submerged vascular plants were established in a series of 18 experimental ponds in 1967 and subjected to a replicated inorganic N-P fertilization program. The 18 ponds were fertilized as follows in 1968: 6 unfertilized controls, 6 low fertility (.75 mg. P/1) and 6 high fertility (75 mg. N/1., 7·5 mg. P/1.). The high fertility levels tended to eliminate the benthic plant populations and increase the phytoplankton standing crops. Elodea canadensis grew in the highest nutrient levels but Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens and Ceratophyllum demersum appeared to be eliminated. Potamogeton crispus produced an abundance of winter buds under conditions of high fertility. There were no obvious differences in the benthic plant and phytoplankton populations among the control and low fertility ponds.Supported by funds from OWRR Title II Matching Grant and the College of Agriculture at Cornell University.     

冬小麦品种粒重叶比的遗传研究

本研究采用Griffing方法Ⅰ,利用6 × 6完全双列杂交,对6个不同类型的冬小麦品种粒重叶比的遗传进行了初步分析.结果表明粒重叶比的一般配合力(GCA)效应,特殊配合力(SCA)效应和反交(R)效应,均达到极显著水平,其均方比为1.94650.67001;粒重叶比的遗传以加性基因效应占优势,但反交效应和非加性基因效应也不可忽视;粒重叶比的广义遗传力(hB2)为97.79%,狭义遗传力(hN2)为58.53%.河农2552是较为理想的育种亲本.