施钾时期对冬小麦旗叶光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

在相同施钾量的基础上。采用一次性基施,1／2基施、1／2于拔节期追施。研究施钾时期对小麦旗叶光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响．结果表明。分期施钾比一次性施钾提高了小麦开花后旗叶的光合速率、旗叶中磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)的活性,提高了籽粒中蔗糖的供应强度和淀粉积累速率。增加了籽粒产量．研究还表明。两个施钾处理均提高了小麦叶片中蔗糖的合成能力和其在籽粒中转化为淀粉的能力,施钾提高产量的主要原因是施钾较好地协调了光合物质合成、运输与转化,即较好地协调了淀粉合成的源库关系．     

麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统氮素的合理调控以山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米系统为例

探讨了麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统中化肥氮与有机肥之间的交互作用,并提出了安全合理的施Ｎ量．种植制度为冬小麦套种夏玉米,试验处理设氮肥（尿素）４个水平、有机肥（鸡粪）３个水平;采用了裂区试验设计,以有机肥为主区,氮肥为副区．结果表明在供试条件下,化肥氮与有机肥之间有显著的负交互作用;建议３００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２作为供试条件下冬小麦套种夏玉米高产农田生态系统全年安全合理施Ｎ量     

西藏高原田间冬小麦旗叶光合作用研究

 西藏高原冬小麦旗叶光合速率日变化曲线为平坦或单峰型,没有明显“午睡”现象。净光合速率日最高值可与平原接近。光合日总量最高值出现在灌浆中期,其值比平原低4％～34％。净光合速率达20μmolCO2·m-2·s-1以上的环境因子组合是光合有效辐射光量子通量密度2000μmol·m-2·s-1以上,气温25～29℃,近地层大气CO2密度0.41mg·dm-3以上,0cm地温18～23℃、5cm地温15～19℃。这样的因子组合在高原同时满足的机率不高,由于CO2浓度与光温因子高值出现时间不同步,更由于CO2密度比内陆平原低1/3,严重制约了光合日总量值,高原冬小麦旗叶光合作用的特点是净光合速率日最高值可与平原接近,但光合日总量却明显低于平原。     

Molecular Cloning of a Vernalization related cDNA Clone (Vrc) of Vrc79 in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Vernalization is an essential factor in the flowering development of cold-required plants. There is a key stage of nucleic acid metabolism in the process of vernalization in winter wheat. To probe into the molecular determinants of vernalization, a cDNA library presumably enriching vernalization-related genes was prepared by specially expressed mRNAs from winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Jingdong No. 1) plumules at the key stage of 21 d vernalization being recovered as cDNAs after subtraction with mRNAs from nonvernalized and devernalized plumules. One vernalization-related cDNA clone (Vrc), Vrc79, which was only expressed at the key stage of 21 d vernalization, but not at other stages of nonvernalization, 4 d vernalization and devemalization, was isolated by differential screening of the library, and shown to be a vernalization-specific clone by Northern blot. Result of homology search suggested that Vrc79 was a novel gene identified in higher plant which was different from the cold-stress-induced genes and might play an important role in the floral induction in vernalization-requiring plants.     

Analysis of spatial and yearly variation in winter survival of winter wheat

 Four years of winter survival data for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were collected on a loam soil located on the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Ontario (45° 23′N, 75° 43′W). The site was low-lying and subject to frequent winter flooding and ice sheet formation. It appeared level although there was microtopographic variation with a range in elevation of approximately 0.15 m. The objective of the study was to gain insight into factors which might affect winter survival. Two varieties, a soft white and a hard red winter wheat, were planted in September. Crop establishment was measured in late fall and the percentage survival was measured in April of the following year. We assumed the large spatial differences in survival were not totally random, but rather were affected by spatial variation in environmental factors such as snow and ice depth, soil moisture and temperature. Hourly measurements of soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m were recorded throughout the fall, winter and spring. Fall and spring soil moisture at the same depth were measured on the plot, as well as snow and ice depth at selected times throughout the winter. Measurements were taken on a grid covering the plot to help explain spatial variation in survival. In addition, detailed measurements of elevation were taken on a grid. Meteorological data were available from the nearby weather site. While soil temperatures were never low enough to kill plants according to the CERES model, the spatial variation in winter survival was associated with differences in elevation and the resulting surface drainage patterns. Received: 23 March 1998/Accepted: 21 October 1998     

Protoplast Culture and Plant Regeneration of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Suspension cultures were established from embryogenic calli derived from cultured anthers of cv. Jinghua No.1 and mature embryos of cv. Youmangbai No. 7, respectively. After being isolated and cultured in WPMI, protoplasts began to form cell walls within 1 day post-isolation, followed by cell division observed between 2–3 days. A division frequency of 22.0% was estimated on the 7th day of culture, and 43.7% on the 14th day. During 10–15 days after the initiation of culture, a large number of cell aggregates emerged, with 0.5–0.8% of plating efficiency. Protoplast-derived calli grew up to lmm or more in diameter when cultured for 4 weeks, and eventually gave rise to green plants through embryogenesis and organogenesis after being transferred to differentiation media. Plant regeneration from protoplasts was already obtained from Jinghua No.l, and protoplast-derived calli from Youmangbai No.7; an experiment on organ differentiation for the latter is under way. A few factors affecting the protoplast cultures were also studied.     

Use of bioclimatic indexes to characterize phenological phases of apple varieties in Northern Italy

The research was designed to characterize the phenological behaviour of different apple varieties and to compare different bioclimatic indexes in order to evaluate their adaptability in describing the phenological phases of fruit species. A field study on the requirement for chilling units (winter chilling requirement) and the accumulation of growing degree hours of 15 native apple cultivars was carried out in a fruit-growing area in North West Italy (Cuneo Province, Piedmont). From 1991 to 1993, climatic data were collected at meteorological stations installed in an experimental orchard (Verzuolo, Cuneo). Four methods were compared to determine the winter chilling requirement: Hutchins, Weinberger-Eggert, Utah and North Carolina. The Utah method was applied to determine the time when the chilling units accumulated become effective in meeting the rest requirements. A comparison of the different methods indicated that the Weinberger-Eggert method is the best: as it showed the lowest statistical variability during the 3 years of observations. The growing degree hour requirement (GDH) was estimated by the North Carolina method with two different base temperatures: 4.4°C and 6.1°C. More difficulties were met when the date of rest completion and the beginning of GDH accumulation was determined. The best base temperature for the estimation of GDH is 4.4°C. Phenological and climatic characterizations are two basic tools for giving farmers and agricultural advisors important information about which varieties to choose and which are the best and the most correct cultivation practices to follow. Received: 25 October 2000 / Revised: 6 August 2001 / Accepted: 6 August 2001     

Positive sport–biosphere interactions? — Cross-country skiing delays spring phenology of meadow vegetation

Space requirements by winter sports and accelerating global warming are usually perceived as stressors for mountain meadow plant communities. Cross-country ski track preparation (i.e. grooming), however, might retard effects of climate change and, being limited in space requirements, might increase abiotic heterogeneity. The effect of cross-country ski tracks on meadow vegetation was quantified along a representative ski track that had been operated for 30 years in the Fichtelgebirge, a low mountain range in central Europe. Paired sampling was implemented to assess the effect of skiing operations on snow and soil properties, plant phenology, biomass production and species composition. Additionally, boosted regression tree analyses were used to quantify the relative importance of the cross-country ski track compared to other environmental conditions.The cross-country ski track strongly increased snow density, enhanced soil frost, and retarded snowmelt, thereby delaying flower phenology (by 2.1 days) and the early development stages of plant species on the track. However, biomass, species richness and species composition were unaffected by skiing operations except for one species (Leontodon autumnalis) showing exclusive occurrence on the track while four others showed reduced relative occurrence on the track.While snow and soil properties were influenced by cross-country ski track preparation, natural environmental variability was more influential for species composition and biomass production than the ski track. We therefore conclude that the ski track – without artificial snow – did not negatively affect species composition. By delaying flower phenology, effects of the ski track even counteracted global warming to some degree. Due to their small spatial extent in the landscape, these ski tracks may add to environmental heterogeneity and thus support sustaining diverse species compositions during environmental changes.     

Assessment of winter wheat cultivars for changes in straw composition and digestibility in response to fungicide and growth regulator treatments

The effects of a combined fungicide and growth regulator treatment on the composition and dry matter digestibility of straw samples of winter wheat cultivars, Beaver, Brigadier, Hussar, Mercia, Riband, Genesis, Hunter, Spark, Cadenza and Flame, were compared. The samples were analysed for nitrogen, ash, fibre fractions and minerals. Nitrogen content of treated samples was reduced compared to the untreated control samples and in contrast the proportion of ash increased for all the treated samples. All samples were analysed by derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) to determine changes in fibre composition. Only six cultivars were analysed by chemical fractionation methods to determine changes in lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content. The results from the two methods of fibre analysis were broadly similar. K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations of the treated straw samples were found to be different to the untreated samples. Increase in dry matter digestibility (DMD) of treated straw was observed for all cultivars; the effects on Beaver, Brigadier, Mercia, Riband, Genesis, Hunter and Cadenza were most pronounced, but were less for Hussar, Spark and Flame. The potential impact of these changes in straw quality on organic mushroom compost preparation is briefly discussed.     

绿尾虹雉的冬季生态研究

绿尾虹雉（Lophophorus lhuysii）属雉科（Phasianidae）虹雉属（Lophophorus）,是我国特有珍稀雉类,列为国家一类保护动物。我们于1983年起对绿尾虹雉的生态进行专题研究,现根据对绿尾虹雉的野外考察所得,整理成本文。 野外考察的时间、地点、及路线 我们于1983年4月至1984年7月在四川省宝兴县跷碛公社对绿尾虹雉的生态做了四次考察,前后为期近十个月,其中冬季考察时间为1983年12月至1984年1月。