组成型过量表达hTERT对Vero细胞体外培养生物学特性的影响

目的：考察组成型过量表达人端粒酶催化亚单位（hTERT）对Vero细胞在无血清培养体系中的细胞形态、生长和代谢的影响。方法：以组成型过量表达hTERT的Vero细胞系T1为研究对象,以活细胞密度和细胞活力为主要观察指标,结合细胞形态和贴附伸展动态,考察T1细胞和野生型Vero细胞在静止贴附培养、微载体固定化培养和悬浮培养体系中的细胞生长;以葡萄糖比消耗速率（qglc）、乳酸比生成速率（qlac）、乳酸转化率（Ylac/glc）和谷氨酰胺比消耗率（qgin）为反映细胞代谢的主要观察指标,考察T1细胞和野生型Vero细胞在静止贴附培养、微载体固定化培养的细胞代谢。结果：hTERT组成型过量表达在降低Vero细胞的贴附伸展能力和对血清的依赖程度的同时,提高了细胞无血清批次培养后期的细胞活力和活细胞密度,并赋予了T1非贴附依赖性生长的能力。hTERT组成型过量表达未对Vero细胞的代谢产生明显的影响。结论：hTERT组成型过量表达可降低Vero细胞的贴附生长依赖性和对血清的依赖程度,是有应用潜力的改良哺乳动物细胞体外培养性状的技术途径。     

Protective role of arzanol against lipid peroxidation in biological systems

This study examines the protective effect of arzanol, a pyrone–phloroglucinol etherodimer from Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum, against the oxidative modification of lipid components induced by Cu²⁺ ions in human low density lipoprotein (LDL) and by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) in cell membranes. LDL pre-treatment with arzanol significantly preserved lipoproteins from oxidative damage at 2 h of oxidation, and showed a remarkable protective effect on the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol levels, inhibiting the increase of oxidative products (conjugated dienes fatty acids hydroperoxides, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-ketocholesterol). Arzanol, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, exerted a noteworthy protection on TBH-induced oxidative damage in a line of fibroblasts derived from monkey kidney (Vero cells) and in human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2), decreasing, in both cell lines, the formation of oxidative products (hydroperoxides and 7-ketocholesterol) from the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. The cellular uptake and transepithelial transport of the compound were also investigated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Arzanol appeared to accumulate in Caco-2 epithelial cells. This phenol was able to pass through the intestinal Caco-2 monolayers, the apparent permeability coefficients (P_app) in the apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical direction at 2 h were 1.93 ± 0.36 × 10⁻⁵ and 2.20 ± 0.004 × 10⁻⁵ cm/s, respectively, suggesting a passive diffusion pathway. The results of the work qualify arzanol as a potent natural antioxidant with a protective effect against lipid oxidation in biological systems.     

新型冠状病毒上海株(nCoV-SH01)的分离和鉴定

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情对人类生命健康构成极大威胁。病毒的分离是构建新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV)细胞感染模型和动物感染模型的基础。本研究利用冠状病毒易感的Vero E6细胞,从1例上海感染者的咽拭子中分离到一株2019-nCoV,命名为nCoV-SH01。对该毒株全基因组采用一代Sanger和二代Illumina法测序,发现该毒株与GenBank MN908947的同源性＞99.99%。免疫荧光检测显示,该毒株与COVID-19康复者的血清呈阳性反应。当nCoV-SH01感染Vero E6细胞后,导致典型的合胞体病变,细胞病变效应明显且进展迅速,提示nCoV-SH01可用于进一步建立2019-nCoV的细胞感染和动物感染模型,为开展致病性研究以及抗病毒药物和疫苗研发奠定了基础。     

Cytoprotective and antioxidant role of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium induced renal injury: an in vivo and in vitro study

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental and industrial pollutant that affects various organs in humans and animals. A body of evidence has accumulated implicating the free radical generation with subsequent oxidative stress in the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Cd toxicity. Since kidney is the critical target of Cd toxicity, we carried out this study to investigate the effects of diallyl tetrasulfide (DTS), an organosulfur compound derived from garlic on Cd induced toxicity in the kidney of rats and also in the kidney cell line (vero cells). In experimental rats, subcutaneous administration of Cd (3 mg/kg bw/day) for 3 weeks induced renal damage, which was evident from significantly increased levels of serum urea and creatinine with significant decrease in creatinine clearance. A markedly increased levels of lipid peroxidation markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) and protein carbonyl contents with significant decrease in nonenzymic antioxidants (total sulphydryl groups, reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) and enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase) as well as glutathione metabolizing enzymes (glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were also observed in Cd intoxicated rats. Coadministration of DTS (40 mg/kg bw/day) and Cd resulted in the reversal of the kidney function accompanied by a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in the antioxidant defense system. In vitro studies with vero cells showed that incubation of DTS (5-50 microg/ml) with Cd (10 microM) significantly reduced the cell death induced by Cd. DTS at 40 microg/ml effectively blocked the cell death and lipid peroxidation induced by Cd (10 microM) indicating its cytoprotective property. Further, the flow cytometric assessment on the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species using a fluorescent probe 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) confirmed the Cd induced intracellular oxidative stress in vero cells, which was significantly suppressed by DTS (40 microg/ml). The histopathological studies in the kidney of rats also showed that DTS (40 mg/kg bw/day) markedly reduced the toxicity of Cd and preserved the architecture of renal tissue. The present study suggests that the cytoprotective potential of DTS in Cd toxicity might be due to its antioxidant and metal chelating properties, which could be useful for achieving optimum effects in Cd induced renal damage.     

Nitrogen metabolism of asparagine and glutamate in Vero cells studied by <Superscript>1</Superscript>H/<Superscript>15</Superscript>N NMR spectroscopy

Glutamine-free culture of Vero cells has previously been shown to cause higher cell yield and lower ammonia accumulation than that in glutamine-containing culture. Nitrogen metabolism of asparagine and glutamate as glutamine replacer was studied here using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. ¹⁵N-labelled glutamate or asparagine was added and their incorporation into nitrogenous metabolites was monitored by heteronuclear multiple bond coherence (HMBC) NMR spectroscopy. In cells incubated with l-[¹⁵N]glutamate, the ¹⁵N label was subsequently found in a number of metabolites including alanine, aspartate, proline, and an unidentified compound. No detectable signal occurred, indicating that glutamate was utilized by transamination rather than by oxidative deamination. In cells incubated with l-[2-¹⁵N]asparagine, the ¹⁵N label was subsequently found in aspartate, the amine group of glutamate/glutamine, and in two unidentified compounds. Incubation of cells with l-[4-¹⁵N]asparagine showed that the amide nitrogen of asparagine was predominantly transferred to glutamine amide. There was no detectable production of , showing that most of the asparagine amide was transaminated by asparagine synthetase rather than deaminated by asparaginase. Comparing with a glutamine-containing culture, the activities of phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) decreased significantly and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased slightly.     

The expression of essential components for human influenza virus internalisation in Vero and MDCK cells

MDCK and Vero cell lines have been used as substrates for influenza virus replication. However, Vero cells produced lower influenza virus titer yield compared to MDCK. Influenza virus needs molecules for internalisation of the virus into the host cell, such as influenza virus receptor and clathrin. Human influenza receptor is usually a membrane protein containing Sia(α2,6) Gal, which is added into the protein in the golgi apparatus by α2,6 sialyltransferase (SIAT1). Light clathrin A (LCA), light clathrin B (LCB) and heavy clathrin (HC) are the main components needed for virus endocytosis. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the expression of SIAT1 and clathrin in Vero and MDCK cells. This study is reporting the expression of SIAT1 and clathrin observed in both cells with respect to the levels of (1) RNA by using RT-PCR, (2) protein by using dot blot analysis and confocal microscope. The results showed that Vero and MDCK cells expressed both SIAT1 and clathrin proteins, and the expression of SIAT1 in MDCK was higher compared to Vero cells. On the other hand, the expressions of LCA, LCB and HC protein in MDCK cells were not significantly different to Vero cells. This result showed that the inability of Vero cells to internalize H1N1 influenza virus was possibly due to the lack of transmembrane protein receptor which contained Sia(α2,6) Gal.     

SV40病毒的培养、增殖及鉴定

目的：建立SV40病毒在Vero细胞上培养的方法,观察其生长过程,获得SV40病毒,并建立相应的SV40病毒检测方法,为SV40灭活疫苗的制备奠定良好的基础。方法：在Vero细胞上培养和增殖SV40-776株病毒。收获病毒后,应用PCR、免疫荧光以及克隆特异性片段进行测序比较来鉴定SV40病毒。结果：SV40在Vero细胞中增殖很快,并且使细胞出现明显的病变。小规模分离到了SV40病毒颗粒,获得了病毒DNA。不同的鉴定方法均显示出良好的特异性。结论：探讨了SV40病毒病变的基本过程,建立了病毒的培养、增殖和鉴定的方法。     

微载体规模化培养细胞的研究

通过实验探索使用微载体进行动物细胞规模化培养,以期达到建立规模化生产病毒疫苗的目的。实验研究了Vero细胞的生长曲线,以及对细胞生长过程中影响细胞生长的葡萄糖、氨含量两个主要因素的变化规律以及微载体浓度与细胞密度的关系。通过实验发现微载体规模化培养细胞易于操作,比传统转瓶培养的细胞密度高,封闭式的培养方式不但减少了污染几率,而且可以充分保证疫苗的质量。最终找出适宜疫苗培养的微载体使用浓度为2.5g/L,适宜的细胞接种浓度为:1~5×105cell/m l。     

Analysis of Vero cell growth behavior on microcarrier by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy

By using environmental scanning electron microscopy, the morphological changes of Vero cells attached to and grown on the microcarrier Cytodex-3 were observed, and their behavior of adhesion, spreading and proliferation was analyzed. The effect of exogenous fibronectin/ laminin on adhesion and spreading of MCC/Vero cell was studied. The images of ESEM showed that expansion of cell growth was directed toward vacancy space. The growth curve and cell concentration change during the whole culture process were obtained from the statistical counting method based on ESEM images and the crystal violet method. The growth rate of Vero cells increases with increasing the concentration of cell inoculation, that is, the specific growth rate increases quickly with increasing the concentration of cell inoculation. When serum concentration in medium #199 ranged from 5% to 10%, experimental results indicated that serum concentration is one of the important factors influencing cell growth, particularly in the cell adhesio     

Kinetics and metabolic specificities of Vero cells in bioreactor cultures with serum-free medium

The aim of this study was to understand the metabolism kinetics of Vero cells grown on microcarriers in bioreactors in serum-free medium (SFM). We sought to determine what nutrients are essential for Vero cells and how they are consumed. Contrary to glucose and to most of the amino acids, glutamine and serine were very quickly depleted in this medium and can be supposed to be responsible for cell apoptosis. Lactate and ammonium ions did not reach toxic levels for Vero cells. We payed more attention to the lactate metabolism. Usually we observed that after about 2 days lactate was consumed in serum-containing media, but its concentration plateaud in SFM. Moreover, the addition of serum in SFM provoked lactate consumption and the rate of glucose and glutamine consumption was twice as high as in the SFM not supplemented with serum. The depletion of glutamine and serine and the metabolic deviations leading to a shortage of intermediate products required for other metabolic pathways probably contribute to the lower cell yield and higher cell death rate in SFM. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.