黑果枸杞提取物泡腾片的制备及其质量评价

为了解决黑果枸杞中花青素稳定性问题,本文采用Box-Behnken设计对黑果枸杞提取物泡腾片配方进行优化,并对其进行质量评价。采用酸碱混合制粒压片法,通过单因素实验,筛选出片剂所需的辅料:崩解剂、填充剂、润滑剂以及甜味剂。采用响应面试验,结合感官评价进行处方优化,从而确定最优配方:柠檬酸32%、黑果枸杞提取物25%、碳酸氢钠24%、乳糖15%、甜蜜素3%、聚乙二醇6000 1%;对最优配方进行质量评价,各项指标均符合规定,其中花青素含量为8.06 mg/g。该泡腾片表面光滑,泡腾效果好,具有黑果枸杞香气,为实际生产提供理论依据。     

乙脑/登革4型嵌合病毒的构建及其小鼠神经毒力测定

目的构建以乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)疫苗株SA14-14-2为基因骨架的乙脑/登革4型嵌合病毒,并分析该嵌合病毒对小鼠的神经毒力。方法通过重叠PCR方法扩增含有登革病毒4型(DENV-4)H241株pr ME基因序列和乙型脑炎病毒疫苗株SA14-14-2的NS1蛋白前177个核苷酸的融合片段,用Nar I和Bgl II双酶切后替换乙型脑炎病毒疫苗株SA14-14-2全长克隆中的相应区域,构建成乙脑/登革4型嵌合全长克隆,通过体外转录和转染BHK21细胞获得嵌合病毒(JEV/DENV-4 chimeric virus,JD4)。通过测定嵌合病毒JD4和2个母本株JEV SA14-14-2株及DENV-4 H241株蚀斑大小、小鼠脑内神经毒力和皮下感染入脑能力、乳鼠脑内神经毒力,比较JD4和母本株之间的差异。通过将JD4在原代地鼠肾(primary hamster kidney,PHK)细胞传代30次,分析传代后嵌合病毒的神经毒力是否减弱及减弱的程度。结果测序结果表明,构建的嵌合病毒JD4基因组序列和预期一致,没有产生新的位点突变。JD4蚀斑较SA14-14-2明显偏小,但和DENV-4 H241株没有明显区别。JD4对3周龄小鼠具有较强的脑内神经毒力,和母本株DENV-4 H241没有差异,对小鼠没有神经侵袭力。乳鼠实验结果表明,嵌合病毒JD4脑内神经毒力虽然略低于母本株DENV-4 H241,但两者之间没有明显差异,都明显强于乙脑疫苗株SA14-14-2。在PHK细胞传代30次后,小鼠神经毒力虽然有所减低,但并不明显。结论成功构建了嵌合病毒JD4,通过测定并比较JD4与母本株的蚀斑特征、小鼠及乳鼠神经毒力等试验,为分析登革疫苗候选株安全性研究奠定了基础。     

基于主成分-聚类-逐步回归分析构建番茄苗期耐铝性综合评价体系

铝毒是限制酸性土壤中作物产量的主要因素之一。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是适合在酸性土壤中种植的主要经济作物, 不同品种番茄对铝胁迫的响应存在差异, 因此, 筛选苗期耐铝毒种质对番茄生产及研究具有重要意义。以10个番茄品种为材料, 采用室内土培盆栽, 设置1 000 µmol∙L^-1 AlCl₃·6H₂O处理, 测定反映植物铝胁迫下生长状况的16个形态、生理生化及光合指标。通过主成分分析, 将铝胁迫下番茄幼苗的16个指标转化为5个独立的综合指标, 累积贡献率达90.779%。基于耐铝性综合评价值(A)的系统聚类分析, 将供试种质划分为5类, 第I类为高度耐铝品种Qianxi, 第V类为高度不耐铝品种Puluowangsi。经多元线性逐步回归分析得出番茄苗期耐铝评价方程: y=0.046+0.405X₆+0.515X₁₀-0.207X₁₅+0.028X₃ (R²=0.997), 从16个指标中提取出与A值显著相关(P<0.01)的4个指标: 丙二醛含量(X₃)、净光合速率(X₆)、叶面积(X₁₀)和地下部干重(X₁₅)。利用评价方程可判断不同番茄品种苗期的耐铝性, 使番茄耐铝性鉴定工作快速简便。     

Probable blind spot in the International Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome

Objectives: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) proposed a novel definition of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in 2005, which designated central obesity as mandatory. The new National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) version, announced by the American Heart Association and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute in October 2005, did not favor any of the five components. We set out to compare the cardiovascular profiles of patients cross‐defined by these two definitions to shed light on the differential meanings of the two. Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed data from 2608 non‐institutionalized adults (≥19 years old) in the National Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, who had complete data for the five MS defining components. Both definitions adopted lower cut‐points for fasting glucose and race‐specific cut‐points for waist circumference. Results: Under the IDF's and new NCEP's definitions, the MS prevalence was 6.2% and 11.6% in men and 12.6% and 16.5% in women, respectively. Although the two definitions had high agreement, IDF failed to pick up ～4% to 5% of people with more than three MS component disorders but a waist circumference less than the cut‐point. Subjects whose physical conditions only satisfied NCEP's definition had similar or worse metabolic profiles than those whose conditions satisfied both IDF's definition and the new NCEP's definition. Discussion: The IDF definition would fail to identify a portion of people who have more than three MS component disorders but a small waistline. Further research and discussion are needed on whether and how to implement the IDF's definition.     

Interventions to prevent or treat obesity in preschool children: a review of evaluated programs

Objective: To identify effective programs to prevent or treat overweight among 2‐ to <6‐year‐old children. Research Methods and Procedures: We searched six databases to identify evaluated intervention programs assessing changes in weight status or body fat and systematically summarized study attributes and outcomes. Results: Four of the seven studies (two intervention, two prevention) documented significant reductions in weight status or body fat. Among these, three sustained reductions at 1 or 2 years after program initiation, three incorporated a framework/theory, two actively and one passively involved parents, three included multicomponent strategies, and all four monitored behavioral changes. Of the three (prevention) studies that did not show reduction in weight or fat status, all performed assessments between 4 and 9 months after program initiation, and one used a multicomponent strategy. Other significant changes reported were reductions in television viewing, cholesterol, and parental restriction of child feeding. Discussion: The paucity of studies limits our ability to generalize findings. Among the available studies, multicomponent programs with 1‐ to 2‐year follow‐up in clinics or child care settings were successful in their impact on weight; they were likely enhanced by parental involvement. Both treatment programs and two of five prevention programs reduced weight/fat status. Our review highlights the need to evaluate more programs, advocate for use of a framework/behavioral theory and objective behavioral measures, further examine the impact of involving parents and the impact of intervention duration and follow‐up time, strengthen prevention programs, and further evaluate successful programs in other settings and among other racial/ethnic groups.     

作物种质资源表型性状鉴定评价:现状与趋势

表型是作物基因型与环境互作后呈现出来的性状,包括形态学、生育期、产量、品质、抗性等性状。作物种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,并经过数千年在世界不同区域驯化利用中的人工选择,形成了表型性状的多样性,构成育种家选育作物新品种的物质基础。认识和发现作物种质资源表型的多样性需要通过系统、科学的鉴定,特别是培育适应全球气候变化下环境的品种,更需在大量种质资源中发掘和利用抗旱、耐热、抗病虫、水肥高效利用等特性的材料。作物种质资源各类表型性状的鉴定需要对环境进行有效的控制,而多年多点的鉴定可以准确观察鉴定性状的变异水平或表达稳定性,是育种家准确选择和利用性状的重要依据。作物种质资源表型性状的鉴定主要采用田间鉴定、设施鉴定、仪器分析、感官鉴定的方式。近年来,作物种质资源表型性状鉴定已从单一环境、低通量、粗放型鉴定转变为多年多环境、重点性状、高通量精准型鉴定。随着组学技术、智能与信息技术的快速发展,作物种质资源的表型性状鉴定已进入一个新阶段,形成作物育种中重要性状准确快速发掘与应用的坚实基础。     

TTC染色鉴定葡萄抗寒性方法的优化与应用北大核心CSCD

以‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’等葡萄砧木和品种直径为0.5~0.7 cm的一年生枝条为材料,经低温梯度(0℃、-14℃、-19℃、-24℃、-29℃和-34℃)处理后,对TTC染色的温度和时间进行优化并观察统计葡萄枝条不同组织的存活情况,测定枝条的相对电导率,以及韧皮部和木质部的可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、淀粉含量和束缚水自由水比例(束自比)5个生理指标,分别用枝条纵切面染色面积、相对电导率拟合Logistic方程计算枝条的半致死温度(LT_(50))来评价枝条的抗寒性,同时通过隶属函数法综合评价枝条韧皮部和木质部抗寒性,并将3种方法的评价结果进行比较,以建立一种直观高效鉴定葡萄品种抗寒性的方法。结果表明:(1)依据低温胁迫下各品种葡萄砧木扦插枝条的萌芽率和生根率表现,其抗寒性由强到弱依次为‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’。(2)葡萄枝条TTC活力染色的最佳条件为pH=7.0,0.5%TTC-0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液在35℃下避光染色36 h。随着胁迫温度的降低,各品种枝条纵切面染色面积均逐渐降低,根据优化TTC法获得‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’枝条的LT_(50)分别为-31.38℃、-26.51℃、-26.10℃、-23.60℃、-23.33℃和-19.26℃。(3)随着胁迫温度的降低,各品种枝条的相对电导率逐渐增加,且‘黑比诺’的相对电导率基本保持最高、增幅最大(51.93%),而‘左山1号’的相对电导率始终最低、增幅最小(44.07%);根据相对电导率获得‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’枝条的LT_(50)分别为-30.02℃、-26.40℃、-25.75℃、-23.16℃、-21.13℃和-17.72℃。(4)通过5种生理指标进行枝条抗寒性隶属函数综合性评价结果显示,同一品种中韧皮部抗寒性强于木质部,同一部位不同品种的抗寒性表现为:‘左山1号’>101-14>3309C>SO4>140R>‘黑比诺’。研究发现,TTC染色法与电导法和综合隶属函数法获得的葡萄枝条抗寒力评价结果一致,也与枝条生长恢复鉴定结果一致;但与其他两种方法相比,TTC染色法能更加直观和有效地预测评估葡萄枝条的抗寒性。     

生态安全格局视角下的生态保护红线评估——以浙江省为例

为评估浙江省陆域生态保护红线科学性,本研究从生态安全格局视角出发,基于生态系统全过程的理念评价其生态效应。在明确生态保护红线三重内涵的基础上,构建评价指标体系,应用InVEST模型、净初级生产力定量分析等方法识别生态源地,评估红线斑块重要性;应用最小阻力值模型、重力模型等方法构建生态廊道体系,评估红线连通性;此外,通过景观格局指数、叠置分析等方法评估红线破碎化与协调性。结果表明: 从生态保护重要性看,浙江省生态保护红线保护规模较大,但13.5%的红线区保护重要性不高,省级生态源地中约40%的斑块未被纳入生态保护红线保护区。从空间结构整体性看,生态保护红线连通性不足,核心生态廊道占有率低于15%,部分县市红线斑块较为破碎。从系统间协调性看,生态保护红线跨行政区衔接性较好,但仍需注意平原地区因供需矛盾而导致的划定不实与破碎化现象。借鉴生态安全格局提出红线优化调整的相关策略,可为生态空间管理提供科学参考。