传标记及其在作物品种鉴定中的应用

本文评述了用于作物品种鉴定的形态标记（morphological markers）、细胞标记（cytological markers）、生化标记（biochemical markers）、分子标记（molecular markers）的优缺点。重点评述了分子标记在作物品种鉴定中的应用。文中除对蛋白质电泳指纹图谱－－同工酶和贮茂蛋白（包括醇溶性蛋白、清蛋白、谷蛋白、球蛋白等）电泳产生的指纹图谱的应用外,较详细地介绍了近年来ＤＮＡ指纹图谱技术;包括限制片段长度多态性（restriction fragment length polymorphism,简称ＲＦＬＰ)、随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（random amplified polymorphic DNA,简称ＲＡＰＤ）、小卫星ＤＮＡ（minisatellite DNA）、微卫生ＤＡＮmicrosatellite DNA）,简单重复序列间扩增（intersimple sequence repeats,简称ＩＳＳＲ）,扩增片段长度多态性（amplified fragment length polymor-phism,简称ＡＦＬＰ）以及ＣＡＰＳ（cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences）和ＳＮＰＳ（single mucleotide polymor-phisms）对作物品种鉴定和新品种登记,品种纯度和真实性的检验以及品种间亲缘关系的探讨和在分类研究中的贡献等。     

Aluminum resistance in two cultivars of Zea mays L.: Root exudation of organic acids and influence of phosphorus nutrition

Root exudation of organic acids as Al-chelating compounds and P nutrition have been suggested to play a major role in Al-resistance in higher plants. Effects of Al exposure on maize plant growth, and organic acid root content and root exudation under various levels of P nutrition were examined. Sikuani, a Colombian maize cultivar tolerant to acid soils with high Al saturation, and Corso, a Swiss cultivar, were grown in sterile hydroponic conditions for 21 days. Al-caused inhibition of root growth was lower in Sikuani than in Corso. Al effect on plant growth was decreased with increasing P content in roots. Al content in roots increased with increasing P content and was higher in Sikuani than in Corso. When exposed to Al, the contents in root apices as well as the root exudation of citric and malic acids in Corso and citric, malic and succinic acids in Sikuani increased, and were higher in Sikuani than in Corso. Increased PEP carboxylase (PEPC) activity in root apices after Al exposure partially explained the variations of organic acid content in the roots. These Al-induced changes in PEPC activity, organic acid content and exudation were reduced in plants supplied with higher P concentrations during the 21 days prior to treatment. Increased secretion of organic acids after exposure to Al appeared to be specific to Al and was not totally explained by increased root content in organic acids.     

Nectar secretion dynamics of Hungarian local pear cultivars

 The dynamics of daily nectar secretion was studied in 28 local pear cultivars in a Hungarian cultivar collection and three main types were distinguished. 1. Cultivars secreting nectar continuously are the most favourable for pollinators, rewarding them both with nectar and pollen. 2. Cultivars with discontinuous nectar secretion have sufficient insect attraction only if anther dehiscence is continuous during the day. In the first two types nectar secretion peaks usually appeared at 9:00 or 10:00, 14:00 or 15:00 and 18:00 or 19:00, with 4–5-hour intervals. 3. In some cultivars no nectar secretion was observed in any or some of the studied years, these being the least attractive for pollinators. The cultivars studied did not necessarily show the same type of nectar secretion dynamics in each season. From the viewpoint of pollination it is also of high importance, in which developmental phase nectar secretion begins. Received August 27, 2002; accepted January 7, 2003 Published online: June 2, 2003     

Molybdenum efficiency in winter wheat cultivars as related to molybdenum uptake and distribution

The highly Mo efficient winter wheat cultivar 97003 yielded more than 90% and the low Mo efficient winter wheat cultivar 97014 less than 50% under Mo deficient conditions when compared to the Mo fertilizer treatment. The mechanism of Mo efficiency, molybdenum uptake and distribution in plant parts during all growth stages, was studied with these two cultivars when grown in an acid yellow-brown earth with no Mo (CK) and added Mo (+Mo) treatments. The results showed that accumulation of Mo and dry matter in shoots of cultivar 97003 was significantly higher than those of cultivar 97014 under CK through the entire growth period. Most of Mo was found accumulated in shoots after the stem elongation stage. Only low amount of Mo was accumulated during the cold winter until stem elongation stage where severe symptoms occurred in cultivar 97014 without Mo supply, while the Mo concentration of cultivar 97003 was significantly higher, thus improved its cold hardiness. Molybdenum concentrations in spikes and seeds were very low pointing to a low Mo mobility even under Mo sufficiency. However, much more Mo was distributed in the upper leaves at stem elongation stage, in spikes in heading stage, in seeds in maturity in cultivar 97003 than in cultivar 97014 under conditions of Mo deficiency. In the efficient cultivar, the Mo distribution ratios to the upper leaves and spikes were even higher without Mo supply, suggesting that a higher phloem mobility and thus a more efficient use of Mo under Mo deficiency stress. The ability of Mo uptake and phloem-mobility are discussed and it is suggested to be the important physiological basis of Mo efficiency.     

水稻的光合作用、生长、碳同位素分辨作用及抗渗透胁迫性对CO_2浓度增高的响应(英文)

四个水稻 (OryzasativaL .)品种“IR72”、“特三矮 2号”、“桂朝 2号”和“Ⅱ优 44 80”在田间栽于含 35 μmol mol和 6 0 μmol molCO2 的塑料大棚中 ,自然光照。高浓度CO2 下供试水稻品种的光合速率变化表现为提高型 (“IR72”、“特三矮 2号”)、稳定型 (“桂朝 2号”的Pn几无变化 )和下调型 (“Ⅱ优 44 80”)。生长速率、穗重、由Δ1 3 C计算而得的长期水分利用效率和清除DPPH· 自由基的能力皆增加。除“Ⅱ优 44 80”外 ,其他 3个品种明显增高总生物量。供试品种的穗重 总生物量比不同程度地受到高浓度CO2 的改变。叶片段经PEG渗透胁迫后 ,不同的生长于高浓度CO2 者的电解质渗漏率较小。结果表明高浓度CO2 可改变水稻的光合作用和水分关系特性 ,品种间不同的响应显示了选育适于未来高浓度CO2 下具有高产和抗逆性品种的可能性。     

Towards the definition of Institutional diagnostic reference levels in paediatric interventional cardiology procedures in Greece

This study aimed to evaluate paediatric radiation doses in a dedicated cardiology hospital, with the objective of characterising patterns in dose variation. The ultimate purpose was to define Local (Institutional) Diagnostic Reference Levels (LDRLs) for different types of paediatric cardiac interventional procedures (IC), according to patient age. From a total of 710 cases performed during three consecutive years, by operators with more than 15 years of experience, the age was noted in only 477 IC procedures. The median values obtained for Fluoroscopy Time (FT), Number of Frames (N) and Kerma Area Product (P_KA) by age range were 5.8 min, 1322 and 2.0 Gy.cm² for <1 y; 6.5 min, 1403 and 3.0 Gy.cm² for 1 to <5 y; 5.9 min, 950 and 7.0 Gy.cm² for 5 to <10 y; 5.7 min, 940 and 14.0 Gy.cm² for 10 to <16 y, respectively. A large range of patient dose data is observed, depending greatly on procedure type and patient age. In all age groups the range of median FT, N and P_KA values was 3.1–15.8 min, 579–1779 and 1.0–20.8 Gy.cm² respectively. Consequently, the definition of LDRLs presents challenges mainly due to the multiple clinical and technical factors affecting the outcome. On the other hand the lack of paediatric IC DRLs makes the identification of good practices more difficult. A consensus is needed on IC procedures nomenclature and grouping in order to allow a common assessment and comparison of doses.     

Cold-induced phase separation for the simple and reliable extraction of sex hormones for subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis

Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, are important biomarkers for various diseases. Quantification of sex hormones is typically conducted by LC-MS/MS. At present, most methods require liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction for sample preparation. However, these pretreatments are prone to compromise LC-MS/MS throughput. To improve on the current standard practices, we investigated cold-induced phase separation for sex hormone extraction. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile and adjusting the solution constitution with water, samples were stored at ?30°C for 10 min to generate two distinct phases: an acetonitrile-rich layer on top of a water-rich layer. During this process, the hydrophobic sex hormones spontaneously separate into the upper layer. This simple and reliable cold-induced phase separation-based LC-MS/MS methodology was used here to simultaneously detect estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum. Validation of this method indicated satisfactory performance, including acceptable linearity, accuracy, precision, and tractability. Compared with the mainstream liquid-liquid extraction-based method, this new method exhibits significant progress in throughput, which shortens the time cost of sample preparation from 90 to 40 min. We propose that this method can be an excellent alternative for sex hormone analysis in routine clinical laboratories.     

A geographic distribution database of Mononychellus mites (Acari,Tetranychidae) on cassava (Manihot esculenta)

The genus Mononychellus is represented by 28 herbivorous mites. Some of them are notorious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a primary food crop in the tropics. With the exception of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), their geographic distribution is not widely known. This article therefore reports observational and specimen-based occurrence data of Mononychellus species associated with cassava. The dataset consists of 1,513 distribution records documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. The specimens are held at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Most of the records are from the genus’ native range in South America and were documented between 1980 and 2000. Approximately 61% of the records belong to M. tanajoa, 25% to M. caribbeanae (McGregor), 10% to M. mcgregori (Flechtmann and Baker) and 2% to M. planki (McGregor). The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).     

Relationships between rhizoplane and rhizosphere bacteria and verticillium wilt resistance in potato

Six cultivars and breeding lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum) differing in susceptibility to verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae were studied with respect to quantitative and qualitative differences in the bacterial flora of their soil and rhizosphere-rhizoplane. Although, no association was observed between the types of bacteria that inhabited the soil or roots of wilt resistant and susceptible cultivars, quantitative differences were evident. These differences provide the first direct evidence that potato genotypes can influence bacterial populations. Bacterial populations were 9–25-fold higher on roots than in the adjacent soil. As the plants aged, the total number of rootcolonizing bacteria increased between 15 and 245%. Pseudomonas spp. were the most abundant microbes in the soil and rhizosphere-rhizoplane. The bacteria antagonistic to V. dahliae in vitro were identified as members of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Gluconobacter. A statistically significant trend was evident toward the association of antagonistic bacteria with the more resistant potato cultivars.     

云南30个水稻品种对水稻白叶枯病的抗性评价

【目的】水稻白叶枯病是一种严重危害水稻的细菌性病害,培育抗性品种是治理该病害的重要途径。因此,明确云南水稻材料对检疫性病害水稻白叶枯病的抗性,可以为该病害的防治与监测、水稻栽培的合理布局和良好抗性资源的获取提供依据。【方法】采用剪叶接种法测定云南稻区30个品种对7个不同致病型白叶枯病菌的抗性。【结果】在供试的30个云南水稻品种中,2个品种(玉粳16和JS42糯稻)对7个不同致病型菌株均表现为抗性;15个品种对7个致病型菌株均表现感病;对HEN11、SCYC-6、YN7、YN11、FUJ、YN241和PX099等7个致病型菌株表现抗性的水稻品种分别占26.67%、16.67%、23.33%、13.33%、6.67%、10.00%和20.00%。此外,区试材料的抗性比例高于主栽品种,地方稻未发现抗性品种。【结论】现在生产上的大部分水稻品种对优势致病型病原菌入侵的抵抗能力降低甚至丧失。针对云南地区的优势致病小种FUJ筛选得到2个抗性品种:玉粳16和JS42糯稻。