左西孟旦对脓毒症休克患者心肌损伤的保护作用探讨

目的:探讨左西孟旦对脓毒症休克患者心肌损伤的保护作用。方法:选择我院2013年1月至2017年12月收治的149例脓毒症休克患者,根据随机数字表法分为观察组(73例)及对照组(76例),对照组给予常规治疗及静脉注射多巴酚丁胺48 h,观察组在常规治疗基础上给予静脉注射多巴酚丁胺24h后再静脉注射左西孟旦24 h。观察和比较两组的心脏功能参数、血流动力学指数、肌钙蛋白、乳酸、去甲肾上腺素、机械通气例数及ICU病死率。结果:治疗前,两组的左室射血分数、左室舒张期末容积指数及左室收缩期末容积指数对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组的心排血量、每搏量指数、左室每搏作功指数均明显高于对照组,中心静脉压低于对照组(P0.05)。对比治疗前,治疗后观察组的心脏功能参数有明显改善(P0.05),而对照组无明显差别(P0.05)。此外,两组治疗后肌钙蛋白及乳酸水平均低于治疗前,且观察组明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组的去甲肾上腺素总用量、机械通气例数及ICU病死率对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:左西孟旦对脓毒症休克患者具有心肌保护作用,可以改善患者心脏功能,优化血流动力学,但并不能降低患者ICU病死率。     

Expression of heat shock protein in host macrophages correlates with a protective potential against infection with Leishmania major in mice

We studied the relationship between the expression of 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP65) and resistance of mice to infection with Leishmania major (L. major), an obligate intracellular protozoan. C57BL/6 (B6) mice, a strain genetically resistant to L. major infection, expressed high level of HSP65 in their peritoneal and draining lymph node macrophages after infection, whereas susceptible BALB/c mice expressed only slightly at the early stage of infection. This protein was not expressed in the parasite itself and macrophages of non-infected mice. We examined the role of T cells in the expression of HSP65 by using SCID mice grafted with the fetal thymus from B6 or BALB/c mice (B6-TG or BALB-TG mice, respectively). Either BALB-TG or B6-TG mice were reconstituted with T cells derived from each grafted fetal thymus. B6-TG mice were markedly resistant against infection with L. major, compared with BALB-TG mice. Furthermore, the HSP65 expression in macrophages of thymus-grafted mice was similar to that of the thymus-donor type. That is, B6-TG mice expressed a high level of this protein, whereas BALB-TG mice did in lower level than B6-TG mice. These results show that T cells are necessary to express HSP65 and the expression correlates with a protective potential of T cells against infection with L. major.     

陕西米仓山自然保护区发现藏酋猴分布

2013年8月下旬至2013年12月上旬,在陕西米仓山自然保护区首先通过走访询问确定预调查区域,然后采用“V”型路线法进行调查。发现保护区内茶园附近山体中部陡峭悬崖区域向阳侧的落叶阔叶林带（107°38′～107°39′E, 32°62′N, 海拔: 1 424 m～1 589 m）至少有1群藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)分布,共有个体约35只,并按年龄结构组成初步预测该群体处于增长中。     

文县疣螈资源现状、威胁因素及保护对策

文县疣螈Tylototriton wenxianensis分布在文县、平武、青川、阆中、奉节和雷山,但只有文县、青川、平武3县相连成片,为岷山栖息地,面积约1800km2,数量约30000条。文县疣螈对海拔1000～1400m的潮湿陆地森林或泥底的水域环境选择较强,以森林或林缘地带积水不深、植被良好、基底多泥的小水塘为繁殖发育场所。文县疣螈面临茶园扩张、薪柴、干旱和分布区狭窄的威胁。调整茶叶发展战略,加强林地保护,推动茶叶集约化加工,研制并推广小型节能炒茶炉,人工增建小泥塘,保护和扩大最适栖息地,资助社区保护组织是缓解这些威胁的有效对策。     

全球啄木鸟濒危格局及研究现状

啄木鸟科物种作为初级洞巢者与蛀干害虫控制者,对森林高度依赖,是森林生态系统重要的伞护种和环境指示物种。自20世纪以来,由于全球范围的栖息地丧失和片段化,啄木鸟科物种的森林生境急剧萎缩,威胁着该类群物种的生存和繁衍。为探究啄木鸟科动物濒危情况和研究现状,本研究利用世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录(IUCN Red List)和国际鸟盟(BirdLife International)在线数据库,检索并整理出1988年到2023年以下内容：(1)全球啄木鸟的物种数、濒危等级及其变化情况;(2)各大洲的啄木鸟物种数及其受威胁物种的比例;(3)啄木鸟的主要威胁因素;(4)通过Google学术搜索等方式检索并统计啄木鸟相关文章的研究内容。结果显示：(1)目前现存254种啄木鸟,33年间全球受威胁啄木鸟由7种增加至18种,受威胁物种数占当年已命名啄木鸟物种数的比例由3.4%上升至7.0%。(2)亚洲、南美洲和北美洲各分布了83种、93种和56种啄木鸟,受威胁物种占比分别为12.0%、6.4%、5.3%。非洲和欧洲分别分布了36种和11种啄木鸟,当前没有受威胁物种。(3)农业和生物资源利用以及放牧是啄木鸟的主要威胁因素。(4)共检索到研究啄木鸟的有关文章1 024篇,研究覆盖了140种啄木鸟,其中,文章数最多的物种是红顶啄木鸟(Leuconotopicus borealis)(162篇)。研究主要集中在巢相关特征(129篇)、生境选择特征(122篇)、取食行为(112篇)、繁殖行为(99篇)和种群状况(66篇)等基础生态学内容。这些研究为啄木鸟生物学、生态学积累了一定的基础,但物种覆盖程度还远远不够。在生物多样性急剧丧失的大背景下,亟需开展更为广泛和深入的研究。本研究对全球啄木鸟的濒危格局与研究现状进行了全面的分析,以期为后续啄木鸟的研究与保护工作提供参考。     

Plant Quarantine as a Measure Against Invasive Alien Species: The Framework of the International Plant Protection Convention and the plant health regulations in the European Union

The introduction of several plant pests into Europe in the 19th century with disastrous consequences called for the development of plant quarantine measures to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products. With the purpose of harmonising these measures, and of promoting measures for pest control, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) was developed to address organisms that are both directly and indirectly injurious to plants. It supplies a framework for measures against invasive alien species according to the Convention on Biological Diversity, as far as they are plant pests. Three examples of invasive alien species within the scope of the IPPC are given in the article: the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum, the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus. In its 1997 revision, the IPPC provides for the establishment of International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, being acknowledged by the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the World Trade Organisation. Standards most important for invasive alien species are those on pest risk analysis, on requirements for the establishment of pest-free areas, on surveillance, on pest eradication programmes, and on the import and release of exotic biological agents. Phytosanitary regulations in the European Union (EU) have been harmonised and up to now have regulated about 300 plant pests. The requirements also have a protective horizontal effect against the unintentional introduction of many other species, but the existing broader IPPC mandate for alien plant pests is not fully applied by the EU regulations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Glycyrrhizin Prevents 7-Ketocholesterol Toxicity Against Differentiated PC12 Cells by Suppressing Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability Change

Defects in mitochondrial function participate in the induction of neuronal cell injury. In neurodegenerative conditions, oxidative products of cholesterol are elevated and oxysterols seem to be implicated in neuronal cell death. The present work was designed to study the inhibitory effect of licorice compounds glycyrrhizin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against the toxicity of 7-ketocholesterol in relation to the mitochondria-mediated cell death process. 7-Ketocholesterol induced the nuclear damage, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, increase in the cytosolic Bax and cytochrome c levels, caspase-3 activation and cell death in differentiated PC12 cells. Glycyrrhizin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid prevented the 7-ketocholesterol-induced mitochondrial damage, leading to caspase-3 activation and cell death. The results obtained show that glycyrrhizin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid may prevent the 7-ketocholesterol-induced neuronal cell damage by suppressing changes in the mitochondrial membrane permeability.     

POT1-independent single-strand telomeric DNA binding activities in Brassicaceae

Telomeres define the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes and are required for genome maintenance and continued cell proliferation. The extreme ends of telomeres terminate in a single-strand protrusion, termed the G-overhang, which, in vertebrates and fission yeast, is bound by evolutionarily conserved members of the POT1 (protection of telomeres) protein family. Unlike most other model organisms, the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana encodes two divergent POT1-like proteins. Here we show that the single-strand telomeric DNA binding activity present in A. thaliana nuclear extracts is not dependent on POT1a or POT1b proteins. Furthermore, in contrast to POT1 proteins from yeast and vertebrates, recombinant POT1a and POT1b proteins from A. thaliana , and from two additional Brassicaceae species, Arabidopsis lyrata and Brassica oleracea (cauliflower), fail to bind single-strand telomeric DNA in vitro under the conditions tested. Finally, although we detected four single-strand telomeric DNA binding activities in nuclear extracts from B. oleracea , partial purification and DNA cross-linking analysis of these complexes identified proteins that are smaller than the predicted sizes of BoPOT1a or BoPOT1b. Taken together, these data suggest that POT1 proteins are not the major single-strand telomeric DNA binding activities in A. thaliana and its close relatives, underscoring the remarkable functional divergence of POT1 proteins from plants and other eukaryotes.     

老年肺癌非手术治疗医院内获得性肺炎的临床特点分析及对策

目的探讨老年肺癌非手术治疗患者医院内获得性肺炎的临床特点及对策。方法对2006年1月至2008年12月住院的275例非手术治疗老年肺癌的医院内获得性肺炎（Hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP）情况进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例发生院内获得性肺炎165例。以中央型肺癌、鳞癌易发院内获得性肺炎;由革兰阴性菌导致的HAP明显高于革兰阳性菌与真菌;放疗加化疗HAP感染率高于单纯放疗或化疗;随着白细胞下降,感染率明显增高,特别是粒细胞〈1.0×10^9/L者感染率最高。结论根据老年肺癌非手术治疗院内获得性肺炎的临床特点把HAP的预防作为根本措施,一旦出现感染应及时治疗。     

Long-term stability studies on protection against Newcastle disease by commercial live vaccine used in Brazil

The thermostability (TS) and efficacy offered by live vaccines against Newcastle disease strains B1, La Sota, VG-GA and Ulster, produced or imported by four Brazilian laboratories, were evaluated during their validity period. Kinetic profiles were obtained from samples conserved in refrigerators during 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months after their manufacturing. The statistical analysis of the vaccine titre effect obtained by the fresh air (FA) method showed that the vaccine profiles were parallel and coincident, presenting a significant descending trend. The vaccine titres and efficiency proofs at the end of the validity period were above the level of legislation requirements and showed an average loss in titre of 0.40 and 0.66 log_10, within the first and second validity years, respectively. The titre obtained by TS, within the month after manufacturing, had no significant difference from the titre obtained by FA within 24 months after manufacturing, being their pairs of observations positively correlated (r = 0.49, p = 0.0003), showing that the TS method, which anticipates the vaccines' performance at the end of the validity period, can substitute the FA method 24 months after manufacturing.