Synthesis and evaluation of 6-(3-[18F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-substituted 2-pyridylbenzothiophenes and 2-pyridylbenzothiazoles as potential PET tracers for imaging Aβ plaques

3-[¹⁸F]Fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl substituted compounds were synthesized and evaluated as novel ¹⁸F-labeled PET tracers for imaging Aβ plaque in a living brain. All compounds exhibited high binding affinities toward the synthetic Aβ_1–42 aggregate and/or Alzheimer’s disease brain homogenate. In the microPET study with normal mice, the 3-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl substituted compounds resulted in fast brain washout by reducing the lipophilicities of the compounds. Intriguingly, (S)-configured PET tracers, (S)-[¹⁸F]1b and (S)-[¹⁸F]1c, exhibited a 2.8 and 4.0-fold faster brain washout rate at a peak/30 min in the mouse brain than the corresponding (R)-configured PET tracers despite there being no meaningful difference in binding affinities toward Aβ plaque. A further evaluation of (S)-[¹⁸F]1c with healthy rhesus monkeys also revealed excellent clearance from the frontal cortex with ratios of 7.0, 16.0, 30.0 and 49.0 at a peak/30, 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. These results suggest that (S)-[¹⁸F]1c may be a potential PET tracer for imaging Aβ plaque in a living brain.     

完达山东部林区生境特征对东北林蛙产卵的影响

在研究人员逐渐将研究的焦点集中在栖息生境破碎化和生境丧失对在池塘繁育的两栖动物的影响方面。至今,许多研究已经评估了在多个空间尺度下生境因子对两栖类动物繁育池选择的影响。由于在1个繁育池内1只林蛙只产1团卵,因此利用繁育池内蛙卵团数与生境因子之间存在的内在联系建立生境选择函数模型,探究林蛙繁育期不同生境因子对东北林蛙种群大小的影响。从2012年到2014年5月初至7月末的东北林蛙繁育期,在完达山东部五泡林场,共调查了105个水池,93.33%的池塘中发现了林蛙卵团。在繁育池微生境尺度水平,广义可加模型分析表明,繁育池面积对东北林蛙卵团数产生积极影响,对林蛙卵团数的贡献为0.17;但林木郁闭度和繁育池水表面杂物盖度对林蛙卵团数产生负面影响,对林蛙卵团数贡献分别为-0.30和-0.43。在繁育池周围5km景观尺度水平,森林面积对蛙卵数产生积极影响,对GAM预测模型的贡献为17.99;公路干扰对蛙卵团数产生负面影响,随着距公路距离增加,林蛙卵团数增加,对GAM预测模型的贡献为1.40。研究结果表明,虽然在繁育池微生境尺度水平预测模型包含的变量较景观尺度水平预测模型包含的变量多,但两个模型对于预测林蛙个体产卵团数均有效。因此,可以认为,保护林蛙种群生存和繁育,需要优先保护面积为4—150 m~2,池内水表面有一定杂物覆盖(0—14%),林木郁闭度较小(约10%),森林覆盖率高,距公路较远的区域。     

文心兰类原球茎的愈伤组织诱导及其植株再生

该研究首次以文心兰的类原球茎( protocorm-like bodies, PLBs)为外植体进行愈伤组织诱导及其植株再生培养,并分析了不同浓度的TDZ和2,4-D配比对愈伤组织增殖的影响。结果表明：以1/2MS为基本培养基,添加1 mg.L-1 TDZ与3 mg.L-12,4-D,从接种的 PLBs上可以诱导出乳白色的、较疏松的愈伤组织,诱导频率达到100％。愈伤组织继代培养时,在2,4-D浓度为0.5~2.0 mg.L-1的范围内,其增殖主要受TDZ浓度的影响,TDZ浓度从1.0 mg.L-1降低到0.5 mg.L-1,愈伤组织鲜重增殖倍数显著增加,由最低的4.50倍增加到最高的6.04倍。愈伤组织增殖的最适培养基为1/2MS ＋0.5 mg.L-1 TDZ ＋1.0 mg.L-12,4-D。将在最适愈伤组织增殖培养基上继代培养约1个月的愈伤组织转移到T2培养基(3.5 g.L-1花宝1号＋20 g.L-1红薯＋25 g.L-1香蕉＋1 g.L-1 tryptone ＋20 g.L-1蔗糖＋3.5 g.L-1 phytagel)上,黑暗培养1个月后,每克鲜重的愈伤组织约诱导出1328.67个PLBs。将诱导出的PLBs转移到新鲜的T2培养基上光照培养1个月,萌发率为90.12％。而将小植株转移到添加1 g.L-1活性炭的1/2MS培养基上,成苗率达到100％。该研究结果成功建立了文心兰的高频愈伤组织诱导及其植株再生体系,为文心兰基因工程育种提供了一个高效、稳定的转化受体系统。     

淹水胁迫下江南牡丹生长及光合特性研究

以3年生江南牡丹品种‘凤丹白’为材料,利用盆栽淹水法,设置正常管理、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫3个水平,研究不同淹水胁迫水平对牡丹生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明：经过30 d胁迫后,正常管理、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫下的江南牡丹苗高生长量分别为3.6、1.1和0.73 cm,地径生长量分别为0.21、0.11和0.06 cm,植株总生物量增加量分别为7.0、3.0和2.75 g,淹水胁迫和正常生长差异显著,淹水胁迫严重影响了江南牡丹的生长。同时,在正常管理时,牡丹总叶绿素含量升高,而在淹水胁迫下呈下降趋势。淹水胁迫不同时间根系活力均呈下降趋势且随着胁迫程度的增加下降越大。正常管理下光合速率逐渐增加而胁迫条件下光合速率逐渐降低。同时胁迫条件下,牡丹蒸腾速率、气孔导度均明显下降;轻度淹水胁迫下胞间CO2浓度先升高后降低;而重度胁迫下胞间CO2浓度呈现逐渐升高的变化趋势。淹水胁迫对牡丹根系活力、茎段生长和叶片光合特性影响较大。该研究结果为江南牡丹耐涝胁迫机理研究奠定了理论基础。     

水稻短根突变体Osksr5的遗传分析和基因定位

水稻根系对其生长、发育及产量等起着至关重要的作用。该研究从甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）诱变的籼稻Kasalath突变体库中筛选到1个根系变短的突变体,命名为Osksr5（Oryza sativa kasalath short root 5）,该突变体植株具体表现为主根、不定根和侧根都明显变短,不定根的数目相对减少,株高与野生型相比也明显矮小。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用图位克隆技术将OsKSR5基因定位在第1染色体的STS（sequence tagged site）分子标记33027k和33471k,物理距离约为444 kb。对OsKSR5基因的定位为进一步克隆该基因和阐明水稻根系发育的分子机理奠定了基础。     

金线莲与台湾金线莲显微结构比较

通过石蜡切片和表皮制片观察比较金线莲Anoectochilus roxburghii和台湾金线莲A.formosanus根、茎、叶的显微结构特征。结果表明,金线莲与台湾金线莲显微结构的主要区别在于根皮层厚度、维管束数目、叶构造、叶脉颜色、表皮乳头细胞的形状和气孔密度,这些特征可作为金线莲物种的显微鉴别依据。     

Negative regulation of the hepatic fibrogenic response by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is an indispensable regulator of IFNγ signaling and has been implicated in the regulation of liver fibrosis. However, it is not known whether SOCS1 mediates its anti-fibrotic functions in the liver directly, or via modulating IFNγ, which has been implicated in attenuating hepatic fibrosis. Additionally, it is possible that SOCS1 controls liver fibrosis by regulating hepatic stellate cells (HSC), a key player in fibrogenic response. While the activation pathways of HSCs have been well characterized, the regulatory mechanisms are not yet clear. The goals of this study were to dissociate IFNγ-dependent and SOCS1-mediated regulation of hepatic fibrogenic response, and to elucidate the regulatory functions of SOCS1 in HSC activation. Liver fibrosis was induced in Socs1^−/−Ifng^−/− mice with dimethylnitrosamine or carbon tetrachloride. Ifng^−/− and C57BL/6 mice served as controls. Following fibrogenic treatments, Socs1^−/−Ifng^−/− mice showed elevated serum ALT levels and increased liver fibrosis compared to Ifng^−/− mice. The latter group showed higher ALT levels and fibrosis than C57BL/6 controls. The livers of SOCS1-deficient mice showed bridging fibrosis, which was associated with increased accumulation of myofibroblasts and abundant collagen deposition. SOCS1-deficient livers showed increased expression of genes coding for smooth muscle actin, collagen, and enzymes involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix, namely matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Primary HSCs from SOCS1-deficient mice showed increased proliferation in response to growth factors such as HGF, EGF and PDGF, and the fibrotic livers of SOCS1-deficient mice showed increased expression of the Pdgfb gene. Taken together, these data indicate that SOCS1 controls liver fibrosis independently of IFNγ and that part of this regulation may occur via regulating HSC proliferation and limiting growth factor availability.     

Production of endothelial progenitor cells obtained from human Wharton's jelly using different culture conditions

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) participate in revascularization and angiogenesis. EPC can be cultured in vitro from mononuclear cells of peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood or bone marrow; they also can be transdifferentiated from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). We isolated EPCs from Wharton's jelly (WJ) using two methods. The first method was by obtaining MSC from WJ and characterizing them by flow cytometry and their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, then applying endothelial growth differentiating media. The second method was by direct culture of cells derived from WJ into endothelial differentiating media. EPCs were characterized by morphology, Dil-LDL uptake/UEA-1 immunostaining and testing the expression of endothelial markers by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. We found that MSC derived from WJ differentiated into endothelial-like cells using simple culture conditions with endothelium induction agents in the medium.     

常春二乔玉兰春夏季开花节律及营养效应研究

为系统掌握常春二乔玉兰春夏季开花物候节律,探讨其与营养物质的关系,本研究以6年生常春二乔玉兰为试验材料,观测其年生长发育节律、春夏季开花物候特性以及茎段营养物质的含量变化。结果表明：（1）每年12月始至翌年2月下旬为常春二乔玉兰休眠期。2月下旬花芽膨大生长,并于3月开始春季开花,花期持续约20 d。4月进行营养生长,5月完成花芽分化。5月底部分花芽膨大并于6月开始开花,夏季花期持续约20 d。7~9月为未膨大花芽的发育滞缓期。此外,少量夏季开放的花的基部侧芽再次分化形成花芽。10~12月随着落叶的开始,树体逐渐进入休眠期。（2）常春二乔玉兰营养生长后分化的花芽能够花开两季。春季开花为先花后叶,开花率为100%,开花同步率较高,雌、雄蕊发育正常,为可育花。夏季开花为花叶同放,开花率约为30%,且开花同步率较低,开放的花内雌、雄蕊发育异常,为不育花。（3）春季开花期间可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白呈下降趋势,淀粉含量于开花后期下降;夏季开花期间可溶性糖和淀粉总体呈先降后升趋势,而可溶性蛋白总体呈下降趋势。综上所述,常春二乔玉兰春、夏季开花期内开花模式存在一定差异,其显著节律特征与营养物质含量变化有关,推测低水平的可溶性糖及高水平的淀粉和可溶性蛋白有利于春季开花的启动,而低水平的可溶性蛋白及高水平的可溶性糖和淀粉含量则有利于夏季开花的实现。