不同地区金线莲种质资源品质分析及综合评价

为筛选优质的金线莲种质资源,以13个来源于不同地区的金线莲种质为材料,分析测量了其表观性状和相关的功能成分含量。结果表明:金线莲的含水率较高,为85.07%~90.91%,醇溶性浸出物含量为13.62%~41.71%,总黄酮含量为8.15~40.72 mg/g,多糖含量为2.10%~25.61%;种质之间含水率差异较小,但醇溶性浸出物等功能成分差异显著;醇溶性浸出物含量与总黄酮含量呈正相关,含水率、多糖含量与醇溶性浸出物、总黄酮呈负相关;台湾金线莲、云南大圆叶金线莲和福建大叶金线莲综合评价得分最高;湖南郴州金线莲中醇溶性浸出物含量达41.71%、总黄酮含量为40.72 mg/g,显著高于其它品种;5种福建金线莲品种(系)的醇溶性浸出物和总黄酮含量最少,多糖含量较高。综上:台湾金线莲、云南大圆叶金线莲、福建大叶金线莲和湖南郴州金线莲利用价值高,推广前景广阔。     

台湾金线莲与浙江金线莲多糖含量及抗氧化活性比较研究

台湾金线莲和浙江金线莲均为兰科开唇兰属植物,是民间常用珍稀草药金线莲的主要基原植物,体内富含多糖。该研究采用超声提取法Ⅰ、Ⅱ及溶剂提取法提取台湾金线莲和浙江金线莲的多糖,对比多糖含量差异;利用比色法比较两种金线莲多糖对羟自由基清除能力的差异,并以秀丽隐杆线虫为模式生物,探讨两种金线莲多糖对于过氧化氢氧化压力下线虫寿命的影响,综合评价台湾金线莲和浙江金线莲多糖的抗氧化活性,为选择和培育优质基原的金线莲提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)溶剂提取法对金线莲多糖的提取最为有效,浙江金线莲的多糖含量显著高于台湾金线莲;(2)随着浓度的增加,多糖对羟自由基的清除率有升高的趋势,浙江金线莲多糖的羟自由基清除率显著高于台湾金线莲多糖;(3)两种金线莲多糖均可延长线虫寿命,但两者对线虫寿命的影响无显著差异。研究表明,两种金线莲均富含多糖且具有抗氧化活性,但多糖含量及抗氧化活性在两种金线莲间均存在差异。     

民间药材金线莲研究动态(综述)

本文讨论金线莲的原植物、解剖特征、各地民间用法的差异,认为花叶开唇兰(Anoectochilus roxburghii)、台湾金线莲(A. formosanus)和高雄金线莲(A. koshunensis)三种应为民间金线莲常用种类;并就金线莲的工厂化生产及今后对该药用植物研究重点提出看法.     

舌尖上的美食——金线莲

正金线莲是一种药食同源的名贵中草药,具有极高的营养价值与药用价值。金线莲是历代皇宫的专用御品,也是不少宾馆及酒家的高档食材。现今,随着人民生活水平的提高,它也逐渐步入了寻常百姓家。目前,市面上销售的金线莲根据不同产地可分为福建金线莲、台湾金线莲及广西金线莲等。福建当地居民一般喜好本地的福建金线莲,他们认为福建金线莲品质是最佳的,当然,价位也是最高的。比如:福建金线莲鲜品批发价为每斤400～600元,而台湾金线     

珍稀草药金线莲

金线莲又称金线兰、金不换、乌人参等,为兰科花叶开唇兰属(Anoectochilus)植物。闽、台两省作为草药使用的主要有:花叶开唇兰(A.roxburghii(Wall.)Lindl.)、台湾金线莲(A.formosanus Hay.)、高雄金线莲(A.knshunensis Hay.)三种,以其叶脉呈金色美丽线纹而得名。主要分布于闽、台两省。由于它们对生态条件要求高,繁殖     

金线莲快速繁殖及促根壮苗试验

以金线莲(Anoectochilus roxburghii)试管苗带节茎段和顶芽为外植体,用正交试验筛选芽快速增殖的培养基配方,并研究生根粉(ABT)对促根壮苗的作用。结果表明,丛生芽增殖最佳配方为MS+BA 3.5mg/L+KT 1.5mg/L+NAA 0.6mg/L,两个月增殖倍数达3.5;3mg/L 3号生根粉对金线莲生根壮苗效果最佳,使植株生根条数、最长根、植株增高和增叶数分别比对照增加12.8%、34.1%、13.2%和22.4%,从而提高移栽成活率,3种不同基质均达到94%以上。     

美叶奇药金线莲

金线莲,是兰科开唇兰属植物花叶开唇兰（Ａｎｏｅｃｔｏｃｈｉｌｕｓｒｏｘｂｕｒｇｈｉ）的俗称。该种在我国产于福建、江西、广东、广西、云南、四川等省区。另外,产于我国台湾省的台湾开唇兰（Ａ．ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎｕｓ）,亦俗称金线莲。金线莲为多年生草本。根状茎...     

蓝光LED对台湾金线莲生长及生理指标的影响

以台湾金线莲Anoectochilus formosanus为材料,考察445、465、485 nm等3种波长蓝光LED对其生长及黄酮含量的影响。结果显示,445和465 nm处理显著提高台湾金线莲鲜质量、根系活力和叶绿素a/b比值,促进可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及黄酮累积。其中,445 nm处理组的可溶性蛋白比对照组提高33.52%,465 nm处理组的可溶性糖比对照组提高12.77%,465 nm处理的黄酮含量为18.23 mg·g-1,比对照组提高34.54%。生产上可采用波长445或465 nm 的LED作为独立或组合光源,以提高金线莲种植品质。     

金线莲苷的研究现状

金线莲苷(kinsenoside),一种从药用植物金线莲中提取的天然生物活性糖苷,已被证明具有显著的药理功效。本文通过收集金线莲苷的相关研究文章,尤其针对近几年更新发表的研究成果,整理分析后将金线莲苷的研究现状主要分为3方面,即：金线莲苷的基本信息,包括化学结构、来源物种及影响积累的因素;金线莲苷的分离提取、定性定量检测、人工合成方法总结;金线莲苷的药理作用,包括降血糖、降血脂、保肝作用及缓解骨病变等。鉴于金线莲苷的原材料资源匮乏,人工种植成本昂贵导致的市场应用受限,我们认为通过提高开唇兰属植物中金线莲苷的提取效率,开发更多含有金线莲苷的植物,或以栽培效率和人工合成技术的进步等方式解决生产实践问题。而在药理研究方面,我们支持通过在大型灵长类动物上进行剂量毒性试验,开发靶向治疗策略提高治疗准确性,以及精确金线莲苷使用的干预时间点等试验为金线莲苷在未来临床实践中的转化应用奠定基础。     

金线莲HPLC指纹图谱研究

以14批不同来源金线莲药材为原料,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),乙腈-甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,建立栽培及野生金线莲(Anoectochilus roxburgii)的指纹图谱,结合相似度分析,探讨金线莲与银线莲(Goodyera hachijoensis)的差异。结果表明,金线莲HPLC指纹图谱标定了24个共有峰,并指认了金线莲苷和葫芦巴碱、鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、山柰酚、异鼠李素、Batatasin-Ⅲ等6个共有峰。除3批药材外,其余11批相似度均高于0.910,相似度总体较好。银线莲图谱相似度仅达0.529、0.721、0.698,均低于14批金线莲样品间的相似度。根据相似度评价,认为金线莲与银线莲存在差异,该结果可为分析评价金线莲与银线莲差异提供参考。     

Alternative pathway respiration is associated with ammonium ion sensitivity in spinach and pea plants

Spinach and pea plants were grown in hydroponic culture with nitrate orammonium salts as the nitrogen source. Dry matter accumulation andphotosynthetic rate declined in spinach plants fed with ammonium salts, whereasthey did not change in pea plants compared with nitrate-fed plants. Measurementof organic nitrogen and free amino acid content showed that ammonium ions wereassimilated in shoots in spinach plants and in roots in pea plants. Ammoniumionnutrition led to a decline in starch content in both species. Organic acidsincreased in roots of pea plants fed with ammonium ions whereas they declinedinspinach plants. In both species ammonium ions increased root respiration ratebut the contribution of both routes (cytochromic and alternative pathway) tothis increase was different depending on the species. In spinach plants,ammonium ions increased the cytochromic path and decreased the alternativepathway, whereas in pea plants both routes were stimulated mainly through thealternative pathway. The differences in the sensitivity to ammonium ionsbetweenboth species are discussed in terms of differences in the availability of Cskeletons and energy, which could be due in part to differences in the capacityto stimulate the alternative pathway.     

Varietal differences in uptake and utilization of nitrogen and other macro-elements in seedlings of barley, Hordeum vulgare

Growth and uptake of N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) were studied in water culture using young plants of 17 cultivars. Large varietal differences were obtained in dry weight production and mineral accumulation. The differences were not the same for plants grown in high- and low-salt media. For plants grown under both conditions there was a good correlation between dry weight production and total N content. Total shoot contents of K and Ca were closely correlated with shoot dry weight. Utilization of P and S in high- and low-salt plants and Mg in low-salt plants was variable in relation to dry weight production in both types of nutrient conditions. The correlation between dry weight and total content of Mg in high-salt plants was good. These differences in mineral economy between young barley plants were partly caused by varietal differences in relative growth rate, and in high-salt seedlings also by differences in seed content of N. The significance of root size, and of uptake, root-shoot partitioning and use-efficiency of specific elements differed; all four factors were important for P and S, but had varying impact on K, Mg and Ca. For N, differences in root size and ion accumulation were the most important factors causing varietal variation in mineral nutrition. – In a special experiment seedlings of barley were transferred to N-free nutrient solution after six days of adequate N supply. There was no significant varietal differences in use-efficiency ratio of N. Root/shoot partitioning of N was unaffected.     

The effect of leaf size on mutual shading and cultivar differences in soybean leaf photosynthetic capacity

This study investigated the basis of the negative relationship between leaf size and photosynthetic rate per unit of area among five cultivars of soybeans. Exposure of developing mainstem leaves to light, and sizes and light saturated photosynthesis rates of those leaves at maturity were compared in cultivars grown in field plots for two years at Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Plants were grown both in stands at 2.5 cm by 1 m spacing and as isolated plants. While cultivar differences in leaf size were large and consistent in both planting arrangements, significant cultivar differences in light saturated photosynthetic rates were found only in plants grown in stands. Similarly, leaf size was significantly correlated with specific leaf weight only for plants grown in stands. The mainstem apex and developing mainstem leaves experienced more severe shading in large-leaved cultivars than in small-leaved cultivars when plants were grown in stands. Thus, cultivar differences in photosynthetic capacity were probably a consequence of differences in the exposure of developing leaves to light.     

Seasonal Changes in the Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Associated with Field-Grown Genetically Modified Canola (Brassica napus)

The introduction of transgenic plants into agricultural ecosystems has raised the question of the ecological impact of these plants on nontarget organisms, such as soil bacteria. Although differences in both the genetic structure and the metabolic function of the microbial communities associated with some transgenic plant lines have been established, it remains to be seen whether these differences have an ecological impact on the soil microbial communities. We conducted a 2-year, multiple-site field study in which rhizosphere samples associated with a transgenic canola variety and a conventional canola variety were sampled at six times throughout the growing season. The objectives of this study were to identify differences between the rhizosphere microbial community associated with the transgenic plants and the rhizosphere microbial community associated with the conventional canola plants and to determine whether the differences were permanent or depended on the presence of the plant. Community-level physiological profiles, fatty acid methyl ester profiles, and terminal amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis profiles of rhizosphere microbial communities were compared to the profiles of the microbial community associated with an unplanted, fallow field plot. Principal-component analysis showed that there was variation in the microbial community associated with both canola variety and growth season. Importantly, while differences between the microbial communities associated with the transgenic plant variety were observed at several times throughout the growing season, all analyses indicated that when the microbial communities were assessed after winter, there were no differences between microbial communities from field plots that contained harvested transgenic canola plants and microbial communities from field plots that did not contain plants during the field season. Hence, the changes in the microbial community structure associated with genetically modified plants were temporary and did not persist into the next field season.     

Seasonal changes in the rhizosphere microbial communities associated with field-grown genetically modified canola (Brassica napus)

The introduction of transgenic plants into agricultural ecosystems has raised the question of the ecological impact of these plants on nontarget organisms, such as soil bacteria. Although differences in both the genetic structure and the metabolic function of the microbial communities associated with some transgenic plant lines have been established, it remains to be seen whether these differences have an ecological impact on the soil microbial communities. We conducted a 2-year, multiple-site field study in which rhizosphere samples associated with a transgenic canola variety and a conventional canola variety were sampled at six times throughout the growing season. The objectives of this study were to identify differences between the rhizosphere microbial community associated with the transgenic plants and the rhizosphere microbial community associated with the conventional canola plants and to determine whether the differences were permanent or depended on the presence of the plant. Community-level physiological profiles, fatty acid methyl ester profiles, and terminal amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis profiles of rhizosphere microbial communities were compared to the profiles of the microbial community associated with an unplanted, fallow field plot. Principal-component analysis showed that there was variation in the microbial community associated with both canola variety and growth season. Importantly, while differences between the microbial communities associated with the transgenic plant variety were observed at several times throughout the growing season, all analyses indicated that when the microbial communities were assessed after winter, there were no differences between microbial communities from field plots that contained harvested transgenic canola plants and microbial communities from field plots that did not contain plants during the field season. Hence, the changes in the microbial community structure associated with genetically modified plants were temporary and did not persist into the next field season.     

The long-term relationship between plant diversity and total plant biomass depends on the mechanism maintaining diversity

The relationship between plant diversity and total plant biomass is of great current interest in ecology. Niche differences among plants are widely thought to promote both plant coexistence, and higher biomass in more diverse polycultures. Using simple mechanistic models, I demonstrate that not all niche differences among plants are equally likely to promote high total biomass in polyculture. In particular, transgressive overyielding (when a polyculture of plants outperforms any monoculture) occurs for a wide range of parameter values when plants coexist in polyculture due to differences in resource use. Transgressive overyielding occurs only for a limited set of parameter values when specialist herbivores mediate plant coexistence, and is impossible when generalist herbivores mediate coexistence. Niche differences among plants promote high biomass in polyculture only when plants coexist in polyculture at the expense of other trophic levels – that is, by converting into biomass resources that would otherwise be bound in herbivores, or exist in a free state. A major challenge for future work will be to identify the joint consequences of different coexistence mechanisms for plant diversity and ecosystem performance.     

Effects of diurnal and bidiurnal photoperiodic treatments on mitosis in Pharbitis

Abstract

Photoperiodic effect on mitotic activity of buds from dwarf Pharbitis has been analyzed. No significant differences in mitotic activity were found in plants grown under long days or diurnal (24 h) light break photoperiodic treatments. Differences in both mitotic activity and flowering were seen in plants subjected to diurnal short days, bidiurnal (48 h) short days, or bidiurnal short days with light breaks. An elevation of mitotic activity occurs in plants grown in bidiurnal photoperiodic treatments compared to diurnal treatments. The differences in mitotic activity of buds, both vegetative and floral, seem to indicate that both phytochrome and light effect on an endogenous rhythm influence meristematic activity. Also, the extended dark period of a bidiurnal short day enhances both mitosis and flowering.     

Biochemical differences in Cannabis sativa L. depending on sexual phenotype

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a species considered as having one of the most complicated mechanisms of sex determination. Peroxidase and esterase isoenzymes in leaves of the two sexual phenotypes of hemp were studied. Significant differences in isoperoxidase and isoesterase patterns were found between male and female plants, both in the number and stain intensity of bands. For both esterase and peroxidase, the isoenzymatic spectrum is richer for staminate plants. Also, some differences are obvious between the two sexes concerning catalase and peroxidase activities, as well as the level of soluble protein. The quantitative analysis of flavones, polyholozides and polyphenols emphasized differences depending not only on sex, but also on tested organ.     

Effect of pRi T-DNA transformation on growth and gas exchange of transplanted tobacco regenerants of the T and T′ phenotypes

Five independent tobacco regenerant clones obtained after transformation withAgrobdcterium rhizogenes strain TR101 (four clones of the T phenotype, clone 5 a mixture of plants of the T and T′ phenotypes) and untransformed plants cultivatedin vitro were gradually acclimated to the atmosphere and transferred to the soil substrate in pots. During 28 d after transplanting the increase of the leaf area was in T phenotype plants greater than in untransformed plants, but 14 d later no significant differences were observed between T phenotype and untransformed plants in leaf area and dry matter. T′phenotype plants, however, had significantly lower values in all growth parameters than T phenotype and control plants. Abaxial net photosynthetic CO₂ uptake (PN) was in both T (clones 1–4) and T′ plants significantly lower than that in control and clone 5T plants. Nevertheless, due to the relatively higher adaxial PN in T plants, the total PN through both leaf surfaces was significantly lower only in clone 4 and clone 5′ plants. The tendency to higher transpiration rates (E) in clones 1 – 4 in comparison with the control resulted in significant differences in water use efficiency (W.U.E.). Relatively higher E in T plants of clones 1 – 4 was connected most probably with their more developed root system (greater root dry-matter) than in untransformed plants, because no influence of the differences in stornata density on E was found.     

Effect of ambiol on stem growth in regenerants of source and transgenic potato plants

The effects of ambiol, a new growth regulator, on stem growth and morphological features of stem development have been compared in regenerants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., var. Desire) plants transgenic for a defensin gene and in original potato plants. The original and transgenic plants exhibited differences in shoot development, which were observed both in control settings (no ambiol) and in the presence of various ambiol concentrations. In addition to normal plants of both forms, plant regenerants with morphological deviations were present in ambiol-treated groups. It is suggested that the abnormal shoot development observed in original and transgenic potato plants treated with ambiol is associated with (a) hormonal changes caused by expression of the defensin gene in the transgenic plants and (b) effects of ambiol on the hormonal balance of the plants.