基于磁驱动技术的空肠营养管的设计

目的:为解决目前床旁鼻肠管快速置入成功率低这一临床难题,该文提出一种基于磁驱动技术的空肠营养管的设计。方法:分析了现有空肠营养管置管过程中的动力因素,结合磁驱动技术原理,提出了通过体外旋转磁场带动体内感应磁体螺旋式前进的设计方案,以期缩短空肠营养管的飘管时间。结果:该设计包括磁性空肠营养管和体外磁力驱动装置两部分。其中磁性空肠营养管由管体和感应磁头两部分构成,感应磁头包括磁体内核和硅胶外壳。磁力驱动装置由多极磁体和手持式微型电机组成。操作时通过体外磁力驱动装置发出大旋转磁场带动空肠营养管的感应磁头做轴向旋转运动,可加速空肠营养管在肠道内的移动,达到缩短飘管时间的目的。结论:该设计基于磁驱动技术原理,设计巧妙,符合磁力学原理,操作简单,具有临床应用潜力。     

用于可视化光治疗的Mn3O4@CuS纳米粒的制备研究

摘要 目的：本研究旨在制备用于肿瘤可视化光治疗的多功能Mn₃O₄@CuS核壳型纳米粒,在磁共振成像的引导下,使用近红外光定点辐照,实现局部光热消融治疗。方法：（1）采用高温热解法制备油胺稳定的Mn₃O₄纳米粒,在其表面构建CuS壳层,并进行聚乙二醇修饰,得到分散于水相中的Mn₃O₄@CuS核壳型纳米粒。（2）通过透射电镜、紫外可见近红外吸收光谱等方法对该纳米粒进行理化性质表征,并研究其体外磁共振成像、光热升温等性能。结果：制备的水相分散的Mn₃O₄@CuS纳米粒,粒径均一且分散性较好,形态为近圆形,粒径为9.30±2.29 nm;紫外可见近红外吸收光谱图表明Mn₃O₄@CuS纳米粒在近红外区有较强吸收,最大吸收峰位于1100~1200 nm范围;磁共振成像分析结果可计算出Mn₃O₄@CuS纳米粒的纵向弛豫率r1为1.662 mM^-1s^-1,表明其具有较好的磁共振增强造影效果;光热升温曲线显示Mn₃O₄@CuS纳米粒可在785 nm近红外激光下升温至73.5 ℃,具备较好的光热治疗潜力。结论：本文成功制备出水相分散的Mn₃O₄@CuS核壳型纳米粒,具有良好的磁共振造影成像性能和光热升温效应,有望应用于磁共振成像引导下的肿瘤可视化光治疗。     

CT与MRI扫描三维重建在四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折诊断中的应用

摘要 目的：探讨电子计算机断层扫描(Computed Tomography,CT)与磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)扫描三维重建在四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折诊断中的应用。方法：2016年9月到2019年10月选择在本院诊治的下拟诊为四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折118例,所有患者都给予CT与MRI扫描三维重建诊断,记录影像学特征与判断诊断价值。结果：在118例患者中,最终确诊为四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折98例,无骨折20例,其中腕关节骨折34例,踝关节骨折22例,膝关节骨折15例,肘关节骨折15例,肩关节骨折8例,髋关节骨折4例。在98例确诊的四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折中,MRI三维重建显示双边征、骨质破坏、充气征、软组织影等比例显著都高于CT (P<0.05)。CT与MRI三维重建诊断四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折的敏感性为89.8 %和99.0 %,特异性为95.0 %和100.0 %,误诊率分别为9.3 %和0.8 %,MRI三维重建诊断的敏感性高于CT ,漏诊率低于CT。结论：CT与MRI扫描三维重建在四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折诊断中的应用都有很好的价值,特别是MRI三维重建能清晰显示骨折特征,具有更高的诊断敏感性,能减少漏诊率,可作为四肢骨关节隐匿性骨折的首选检查方法。     

High throughput covalent immobilization process for improvement of shelf-life,operational cycles,relative activity in organic media and enzymatic kinetics of urease and its application for urea removal from water samples

High throughput covalent urease immobilization was performed through the amide bond formation between the urease and the amino-functional MNPs. The enzyme’s performances, including shelf-life, reusability, enzymatic kinetics, and the enzyme relative activity in organic media was improved. At optimal conditions, the immobilization efficiency was calculated about 95.0% with keeping 94.7% of the urease initial specific activity. The optimal pH for maximum activity of the free and immobilized urease was calculated as 7.0 at 37.0 °C and 8.0 at 60.0 °C, respectively. The kinetics studies showed the K_m of 26.0 mM and 8.0 mM and the V_max of 5.31 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹ and 3.93 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹ for the free and immobilized urease, respectively. The ratio K_cat/K_m as a measure of catalytic efficiency and enzyme specificity was calculated as 0.09 mg mL⁻¹ min⁻¹ and 0.22 mg mL⁻¹ min⁻¹ for the free and immobilized urease, respectively, indicating an improvement in the enzymatic kinetics. The shelf-life and operational studies of immobilized urease indicated that approximately 97.7% and 88.5% of its initial activity was retained after 40 days and 17 operational cycles, respectively. The immobilized urease was utilized to urea removal from water samples with an efficiency between 91.5–95.0%.     

Implementation of a dose calculation algorithm based on Monte Carlo simulations for treatment planning towards MRI guided ion beam therapy

Magnetic resonance guidance in particle therapy has the potential to improve the current performance of clinical workflows. However, the presence of magnetic fields challenges the current algorithms for treatment planning. To ensure proper dose calculations, compensation methods are required to guarantee that the maximum deposited energy of deflected beams lies in the target volume. In addition, proper modifications of the intrinsic dose calculation engines, accounting for magnetic fields, are needed. In this work, an algorithm for proton treatment planning in magnetic fields was implemented in a research treatment planning system (TPS), matRad. Setup-specific look up tables were generated using a validated MC model for a clinical proton beamline (62.4 – 215.7 MeV) interacting with a dipole magnet (B = 0–1 T). The algorithm was successfully benchmarked against MC simulations in water, showing gamma index (2%/2mm) global pass rates higher than 96% for different plan configurations. Additionally, absorbed depth doses were compared with experimental measurements in water. Differences within 2% and 3.5% in the Bragg peak and entrance regions, respectively, were found. Finally, treatment plans were generated and optimized for magnetic field strengths of 0 and 1 T to assess the performance of the proposed model. Equivalent treatment plans and dose volume histograms were achieved, independently of the magnetic field strength. Differences lower than 1.5% for plan quality indicators (D_2%, D_50%, D_90%, V_95% and V_105%) in water, a TG119 phantom and an exemplary prostate patient case were obtained. More complex treatment planning studies are foreseen to establish the limits of applicability of the proposed model.     

The Ability of Tetrahymena utriculariae (Ciliophora,Oligohymenophorea) to Colonize Traps of Different Species of Aquatic Carnivorous Utricularia

The host specificity of the recently described ciliate species Tetrahymena utriculariae was tested in a greenhouse growth experiment, which included 14 different species of aquatic Utricularia as potential host plants. We confirmed the high specificity of the interaction between U. reflexa and T. utriculariae, the former being the only tested host species able to maintain colonization for prolonged time periods. We conclude that this plant–microbe relationship is a unique and specialized form of digestive mutualism and the plant–microbe unit a suitable experimental system for future ecophysiological studies.     

The effect of mating on female reproduction across hermaphroditic freshwater snails

Sexual conflicts often arise between mating partners because each sex tries to maximize its own reproductive success. One major male strategy to influence a partner's resource allocation is the transfer of accessory gland proteins. This has been shown to occur in simultaneous hermaphrodites as well as in organisms with separate sexes. Although accessory gland proteins affect the investment of resources in both male and female function, we here specifically focus on female investment. In the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, previous studies found that the accessory gland protein ovipostatin reduced female fecundity by suppressing egg laying in the partner in the short term (days). To investigate whether this reduction in egg laying is a commonly found effect of mating in freshwater snails, we compared egg output for evidence of suppression in isolated and paired snails of eight pulmonate species. Furthermore, we determined whether the suppression of egg laying caused a shift in resource allocation to the eggs. We found that in five of the eight species egg laying was suppressed, with fewer and lighter egg masses being laid when they had access to a mating partner. In mated pairs of L. stagnalis and Biomphalaria alexandrina, allocation of resources to the eggs was altered in opposite ways: individuals of L. stagnalis laid fewer but larger and heavier eggs; individuals of B. alexandrina laid smaller and lighter eggs, with no change in egg numbers. Such changes in the female function are most likely the result of combined effects of receiving accessory gland proteins, and the cost of mating in both male and female roles. Thus, effects of the maternal environment, including the receipt of accessory gland proteins, on offspring investment are not restricted to species with separate sexes.     

A green and effective method for the determination of metalaxyl enantiomers in tobacco and soil by supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

We reported a new methodology for the stereoselective determination of metalaxyl enantiomers in tobacco and soil. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method was used for the extraction and clean-up of the tobacco and soil samples. Separation of the metalaxyl enantiomers was performed on an ACQUITY UPC2 Trefoil CEL1 chiral column coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS), and the run time was only 5 minutes. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries for the enantiomers were between 78.2% and 93.3% with intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 1.1% to 5.4%. The limit of detection (LOD) for the enantiomers in tobacco and soil varied from 0.005 to 0.007 mg/kg, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.017 to 0.020 mg/kg. In this method, only a small amount of methanol was consumed to obtain a rapid stereoselective separation. This proposed method showed good accuracy and precision and might be suitable for fast enantioselective determination of metalaxyl in food and environmental samples. The developed method was further validated by application to the analysis of authentic samples.     

Chiral separation of underivatized amino acids in supercritical fluid chromatography with chiral crown ether derived column

The supercritical fluid chromatographic separation of underivatized amino acids was explored using immobilized chiral crown ether column CROWNPAK CR-I (+) and mass spectrometric detection. The type of modifier, acidic additives, and the role of water were investigated. Enantioseparation was achieved for all 18 amino acids investigated with short retention times (less than 3 minutes) and average resolution of greater than 5.0. Analysis of enantiomerically pure standards demonstrated the D enantiomer eluted first for all amino acids using a CROWNPAK CR-I (+) column.     

Active interfacial dynamic transport of fluid in a network of fibrous connective tissues throughout the whole body

Fluid in interstitial spaces accounts for ~20% of an adult body weight and flows diffusively for a short range. Does it circulate around the body like vascular circulations? This bold conjecture has been debated for decades. As a conventional physiological concept, interstitial space is a micron‐sized space between cells and vasculature. Fluid in interstitial spaces is thought to be entrapped within interstitial matrix. However, our serial data have further defined a second space in interstitium that is a nanosized interfacial transport zone on a solid surface. Within this fine space, fluid along a solid fibre can be transported under a driving power and identically, interstitial fluid transport can be visualized by tracking the oriented fibres. Since 2006, our data from volunteers and cadavers have revealed a long‐distance extravascular pathway for interstitial fluid flow, comprising at least four types of anatomic distributions. The framework of each extravascular pathway contains the longitudinally assembled and oriented fibres, working as a fibrorail for fluid flow. Interestingly, our data showed that the movement of fluid in a fibrous pathway is in response to a dynamic driving source and named as dynamotaxis. By analysis of previous studies and our experimental results, a hypothesis of interstitial fluid circulatory system is proposed.