The determination of glutamine with flow‐injection chemiluminescence detection and mechanism study

The main purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive, simple, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of glutamine (Gln) using a flow‐injection (FI) system. Gln was found to strongly inhibit the CL signal of the luminol–H₂O₂–CuSO₄ system in Na₂B₄O₇ solution. A new FI‐CL method was developed for the determination of Gln. Parameters affecting the reproducibility and CL detection were optimized systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the corresponding linear regression equation was established over the range of 5.0 × 10^?7 to 2.5 × 10^?6 mol/L with the detection limit of 1.8 × 10^?8 mol/L. The relative standard deviation was found to be 1.8% for 11 replicate determinations of 1.5 × 10^?6 mol/L Gln. The proposed method has been satisfactorily applied for the determination of Gln in real samples (Marzulene‐s granules) with recoveries in the range of 98.7–108.6%. The minimum sampling rate was about 100 samples/h. The possible mechanism of this inhibitory CL was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometer and UV–vis spectrophotometer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加强手术室管理,控制医院感染

目的加强手术室医院感染的控制与管理,降低医院感染的发生率。方法针对手术室的工作特点,制定并落实各项有效的消毒隔离措施和感染监测制度,严格执行无菌操作规程,创造合格的手术环境。结果制定有效的手术室消毒隔离制度和感染监测制度,并通过医护人员的积极配合,创造合格的手术室环境,使无菌手术切口感染率下降至0.25%,特殊手术无医院感染发生。结论加强手术室医院感染的管理,可有效地防止医院感染的发生,降低无菌手术切口感染率。     

原位可注射壳聚糖基温敏水凝胶的制备及其在预防ESD术后食管狭窄中分阶段释药应用研究

摘要 目的：构建一种可以分阶段释放药物的原位可注射水凝胶，通过直接注射在ESD（Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection，内镜黏膜下剥离术）术后伤口处，形成水凝胶敷料，起到保护伤口的作用。同时凝胶中的两种药物通过分阶段释放的方式，更好地促进伤口的无瘢痕愈合，为ESD术后食管狭窄的预防提供一种新的参考方案。方法：在壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸钠（CS/β-GP）温敏水凝胶的体系中加入聚多巴胺（PDA），制备壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸钠/聚多巴胺（CS/?β-GP/PDA）水凝胶。通过在载药水凝胶中加入聚乙二醇-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸（PEG-PLGA）纳米载药微粒制备CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs双载药水凝胶，通过两种载药体系的复合，实现药物的分阶段释放。通过流变学实验测定CS/β-GP、CS/β-GP/PDA、CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs凝胶体系的相转变温度以及凝胶强度。通过高效液相色谱法检测CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs水凝胶中两种药物的释放动力学特征。通过CCK-8细胞增殖实验评价CS/β-GP/PDA、CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs温敏水凝胶的生物相容性。在体外猪食管中，模拟ESD术后创口，通过内镜辅助将水凝胶母液注射在伤口处，并通过内镜观察水凝胶的凝胶状态。结果：得到了粘附性显著增强的壳聚糖/β-甘油磷酸钠/聚多巴胺（CS/β-GP/PDA）凝胶体系。流变学实验证明聚多巴胺（PDA）的加入可以显著降低水凝胶的凝胶温度，缩短原位成胶时间。CCK-8实验显示CS/β-GP/PDA、CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs凝胶体系无潜在的细胞毒性。在体外猪食管模拟实验中，将其凝胶母液注射在伤口处后，可原位形成凝胶，且凝胶贴合伤口，具有较强的粘附性。通过体外释药速率测定，验证了CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs水凝胶中所载两种药物释放速率存在明显差异，可实现药物的分阶段释放。结论：设计的CS/β-GP/PDA/NPs凝胶体系适用于ESD术后的伤口修复，并能够实现分阶段释药，对于预防ESD术后食管狭窄具有潜在的应用价值。     

Determination of drugs in biological fluids by direct injection of samples for liquid-chromatographic analysis

The analysis of drugs in various biological fluids is an important criterion for the determination of the physiological performance of a drug. After sampling of the biological fluid, the next step in the analytical process is sample preparation. The complexity of biological fluids adds to the challenge of direct determination of the drug by chromatographic analysis, therefore demanding a sample preparation step that is often time-consuming, tedious, and frequently overlooked. However, direct on-line injection methods offer the advantage of reducing sample preparation steps and enabling effective pre-concentration and clean-up of biological fluids. These procedures can be automated and therefore reduce the requirements for handling potentially infectious biomaterial, improve reproducibility, and minimize sample manipulations and potential contamination. The objective of this review is to present an overview of the existing literature with emphasis on advances in automated sample preparation methods for liquid-chromatographic methods. More specifically, this review concentrates on the use of direct injection techniques, such as restricted-access materials, turbulent-flow chromatography and other automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures. It also includes short overviews of emerging automated extraction-phase technologies, such as molecularly imprinted polymers, in-tube solid-phase micro-extraction, and micro-extraction in a packed syringe for a more selective extraction of analytes from complex samples, providing further improvements in the analysis of biological materials. Lastly, the outlook for these methods and potential new applications for these technologies are briefly discussed.     

Transgene activity following somatic transgenesis in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

A detailed study was made of the persistence and expression of a plasmid-enclosed reporter gene construct after intramuscular injection into the somatic muscle tissue of juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and also the effect of injecting a potentially growth-promoting gene construct. The plasmid-enclosed DNA proved stable at the site of injection, lasting in some cases for up to 6 months, and was, at a very low frequency, detected in gonad tissue, indicating occasional substantial movement from the injected muscle site. It was observed that the reporter gene and regulatory sequences were also functional within the somatic cells. In a comparison of expression levels by direct somatic injection, the 1·6 kb tilapia β-actin regulatory sequence (tiβAP) resulted in c. three-fold higher β-galactosidase activity than the 4·7 kb carp β-actin regulatory sequence (cβAP) when spliced to the lacZ gene. The enhancer element near the end of first intron in the tiβAP, when co-injected with tiβAP/lacZ plasmid at a 3:1 ratio, drove significantly higher reporter activity in somatic cells than the tiβAP/lacZ sequence alone. The introduction of a growth-promoting construct, the Nile tilapia growth hormone gene driven by a tiβAP, yielded no detectable growth enhancement.     

Execution by lethal injection, euthanasia, organ-donation and the proper goals of medicine

In a recent issue of this journal, David Silver and Gerald Dworkin discuss the physicians' role in execution by lethal injection. Dworkin concludes that discussion by stating that, at that point, he is unable to think of an acceptable set of moral principles to support the view that it is illegitimate for physicians to participate in execution by lethal injection that would not rule out certain other plausible moral judgements, namely that euthanasia is under certain conditions legitimate and that organ-donation surgery is sometimes permissible. This article draws attention to some problems in the views of Silver and Dworkin and suggests moral principles which support the three moral views just mentioned.     

降低血粘度对慢性肺心病急性加重期疗效的影响

目的探讨血栓通降低血粘度对慢性肺心病急性加重期疗效的影响。方法将113例慢性肺心病急性加重期患者随机分为两组,观察组63例,对照组50例,两组病例均采取常规治疗(包括抗感染、改善通气、持续低流量吸氧、纠正心衰等),观察组同时应用血栓通注射液350mg加入生理盐水250ml中静滴,每日1次,15天为1疗程。两组病例治疗前、后分别检查血常规、血液流变学、血气分析和凝血常规4项。结果治疗前两组血液流变学数据无显著差异(P>0.05),治疗后观察组的血液流变学数据明显下降,组间差异非常显著(P<0.01)。组内比较观察组治疗后PaO2升高非常显著(P<0.01),PaCO2显著下降(P<0.05);对照组治疗后PaO2显著升高(P<0.05),PaCO2显著下降(P<0.05)。结论血栓通在降低血粘度,改善血液流变学的同时,使慢性肺心病急性加重期患者的低氧血症和高碳酸血症也得到显著纠正。     

肝炎治疗药苦参碱葡萄糖注射液的研制

为研制供临床直接使用的大容量苦参碱葡萄糖注射液,采用苦参碱浓配,葡萄糖先浓配除热原、后稀配混合苦参碱溶液、精滤、灌封、灭菌等制得苦参碱葡萄糖注射液,并建立质量标准。结果表明：试制3批样品均符合质量标准要求,稳定性考察未见明显变化。研制的苦参碱葡萄糖注射液处方及工艺合理可行、质量标准可控、稳定性良好。     

基于控制模型的药物动力学静注问题的研究

在新药临床的研究中,以静脉注射方式给药时,药物进入全身循环快速分布到体内的各个组织,通过将机体作为单室模型对血药浓度进行控制,可以从血药浓度的变化得到组织药物水平的状态、本文针对药物动力学的特点,利用控制模型,给出了对其稳定性分析的方法．     

艾迪注射液对急性白血病患者化疗减毒增效作用及肠道菌群影响的研究

艾迪注射液可扶植肠道正常菌群生长,减轻化疗药副作用,提高白血病患者化疗疗效。方法将选择病例随机分为艾迪注射液治疗组(试验组)及常规化疗组(对照组)。观察其化疗前后肠道常驻菌(肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌)指标,骨髓象检查及化疗后毒副作用观察。结果各项指标同单纯化疗组相比,差异均有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论艾迪注射液具有扶植肠道正常菌群生长的作用,与化疗合用,减轻了化疗药的毒副作用,保证了化疗的顺利进行,提高了急性白血病患者的化疗疗效。