濒危植物秦岭冷杉群落数量特征及其动态

对石人山自然保护区秦岭冷杉群落特征和动态进行了研究,结果表明:秦岭冷杉群落共有种子植物61种,分属27科40属,群落垂直结构简单,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。秦岭冷杉和华山松种群大、中胸径的个体占绝对优势,幼苗、幼树较少,属于衰退种群;湖北花楸小、中胸径的个体占优势,属于进展种群。通过聚类分析,将秦岭冷杉群落分为5个群丛类型:①秦岭冷杉 湖北花楸-山刺玫-结缕草群丛;②秦岭冷杉 华山松-秀雅杜鹃-藜芦群丛;③秦岭冷杉 血皮槭-黄刺玫-野菊群丛;④秦岭冷杉 华山松-箭竹-牛蒡群丛;⑤秦岭冷杉 锐齿栎-箭竹-水芹群丛。5个群丛类型均处于动态变化中,种群恢复应实行就地保护,减少人为干扰,促进天然更新。     

邢台西部山地种子植物区系地理研究

邢台西部山地位于河北太行山脉南段,共有野生种子植物93科、393属、823种。该区系地理成分复杂,具有明显的温带性质,也有一定的热带亲缘,中国特有种丰富。运用相似性系数,对该区与其它8个山地植物区系成分进行了比较分析。结果表明:邢台西部山地植物区系与太岳山和中条山区系相似性较高,与东灵山、小五台山、雾灵山和伏牛山的关系次之,与长白山和神农架的相似性较低。     

陕西黄龙山林区褐马鸡繁殖季节中午卧息地选择

2006年5—6月,在陕西黄龙山腹地北寺山林区采取样线法对褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)中午卧息地的选择进行了研究,共观察到28个褐马鸡的卧息地。褐马鸡对林型、坡向和地理特征有明显的选择性,多偏向针叶林、山脊和半阴半阳坡,回避阔叶林、山坡、阴坡和阳坡。对中午卧息地坡位没有明显的选择性。褐马鸡中午卧息地具有坡度小、与林间道路与居民点的距离远、灌丛平均高度较低、灌木密度较小、草本均高较小、乔木层植物盖度以及草本层植物盖度较大等特征。对各种生境因子的主成分分析表明,前6个特征值的累积贡献率达到74.05%,可较好地反映褐马鸡中午卧息地生境特征。根据载荷系数绝对值大小将褐马鸡中午休息地生境选择影响因子分别命名为地理因子、隐蔽度因子、人类活动干扰因子和灌丛密度因子。     

武汉桂子山地区冬季鸟类群落结构及多样性研究

2005年11月～2006年3月,对武汉桂子山地区冬季鸟类群落进行了调查,共记录鸟类44种,隶属10目22科。有国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类2种,湖北省重点保护鸟类16种;留鸟32种,冬候鸟11种,旅鸟1种,留鸟构成了冬季鸟类的主体;该地区冬季鸟类密度为4．30只／hm^2,物种多样性指数为2．6477,均匀性指数为0．6997。居民点、乔灌林、绿地和水域生境中,乔灌林鸟类多样性最高,数量最多。     

青藏高原东南缘贡嘎山地区大气总汞时间序列分析及其影响因子

使用Tekran 2537A大气汞自动分析仪对中国科学院贡嘎山高山生态系统观测试验站磨西基地站(102°72′E29°92′N)进行了为期1a的大气总汞(TGM)高时间分辨率观测。研究区域的平均TGM浓度为(4±1.38)ng m-3(N=57310),高于全球大气总汞背景值1.5~2.0ng m-3。不同季节表现出相似的日变化模式,即白天相对夜晚具有较高的TGM浓度,最大TGM浓度出现在中午,最小值出现在日出前,春季和夏季日变化高峰值出现时间比秋季和冬季早1~2h。以冬季TGM浓度最高,为(6.13±1.78)ng m-3;夏季最低,为(3.17±0.67)ng m-3。观测期间不同风向间TGM浓度无显著差异。相关分析表明,TGM浓度与温度、饱和水汽压、降水量、紫外辐射、大气压有显著相关性,这种相关性随季节而变化。贡嘎山地区大气汞浓度主要受局地源的影响和调节。     

Silvopastoralism in the Alps: Native plant species selection under different grazing pressure

To evaluate the suitability of wood pastures as a managing tool in subalpine regions it is essential to know more about the influence of grazing on the ground vegetation. This study assessed native plant species selection by cattle at different stocking rates, feeding habits and site preferences of cattle. Based on the results, conclusions concerning the value of silvopastoral systems in the Alps were drawn. A field study on six different wood pasture areas, grazed by cattle at different stocking rates, was accompanied by an experiment on three adjoining areas of 0.51 ha each, stocked with either three, six, or nine heifers. Plant species were recorded in plots of 20 cm × 20 cm before and after grazing, and the intensity of grazing on each species was assessed. At low stocking rates, grasses and tall species were most intensely grazed, while at higher stocking rates the intake of forbs and small species increased. Since no relationship was found between nutritional value and species preference, other factors such as accessibility of a plant seem to be important for the feeding preferences of cattle. The preference for grasses at low and medium stocking rates suggests that an increased growth of forbs might lead to an increase in plant species diversity.     

Effects of helicopter net-gunning on survival of bighorn sheep

Wildlife capture, and the data collection associated with it, has led to major advancements in ecology that are integral to decision making pertaining to wildlife conservation. Capturing wildlife, however, can cause lethal and non-lethal risks to animals. Understanding the factors that contribute to the level of risk involved in wildlife capture is therefore important for the development and implementation of the safest and most effective methodologies. We used data from 736 animal captures of 389 individuals for 2 subspecies of female bighorn sheep (Rocky Mountain bighorn [Ovis canadensis canadensis], Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep [O. c. sierrae]) in Wyoming and California, USA, in 2002–2020 to evaluate the degree and extent of time that capture via helicopter net-gunning affects survival. We compared pre- and post-capture survival during a 10-week window centered on a capture event, and post-capture survival between captured animals and animals that were monitored but not captured during the 10-week window. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of handling techniques (number of times captured, season of capture event, handling time, chase time, and body temp) and biological factors (age and nutritional condition) on probability of capture mortality. Mean daily survival was 0.9992 during a 5-week pre-capture window, dropped to 0.9864 on the day of capture, and rebounded within 3 days of capture to pre-capture levels and that of sheep that were not captured. Overall, direct mortality resulting from capture was 1.36%, with 0.54% mortality occurring within the 3 days following a capture event for an overall 1.90% capture-related mortality. The only handling and biological metrics that influenced the probability of capture mortality were rectal temperature and nutritional condition; high initial rectal temperatures and poor body condition were associated with increased risk of mortality in the days following capture. Overall, helicopter net-gunning imposed low and short-term risk to survival of female bighorn sheep. To reduce bias in survival estimates, we recommend using a 3-day censorship window for post-capture mortalities as opposed to the common practice of a 2–5-week censor window. Helicopter net-gunning, including annual or seasonal recaptures, remains an effective and comparatively safe technique for capture and associated data collection of bighorn sheep.     

太白山北坡小型兽类物种多样性垂直分布格局北大核心CSCD

物种多样性沿海拔梯度的垂直分布格局一直是生物多样性研究的热点问题,其中最为普遍的分布模式为中峰格局。为了解太白山北坡小型兽类物种组成和物种多样性垂直分布格局,本研究于2020和2021年两年的6至9月采用样线法、铗日法和陷阱法对太白山北坡小型兽类物种进行调查。在海拔780~3767.2 m之间,以200 m为梯度,设置采集样点15个,累计布置4150铗次,陷阱105个,样线8条。共记录小型兽类4目7科12属21种148只,阔叶林中的小型兽类物种多样性普遍高于针叶林,物种多样性在中海拔地区栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)林、锐齿槲栎(Q.aliena)林最高,高海拔地区秦岭冷杉(Abies fargesii)林最低。小型兽类物种多样性垂直分布格局为左偏倚中峰格局,物种多样性在1500~2300 m海拔段内出现峰值。这种分布格局和林型中小型兽类东洋界与古北界、特有种与非特有种在太白山地区交汇有关,太白山北坡南北纵列的山脉-沟谷地貌为南北物种扩散和迁移提供了有利条件,在沟谷内气候和地理特征相似,形成了规律的林型垂直带谱,这使得小型兽类物种多样性垂直分布也具有相似的特点。     

青海祁连山国家公园赤麻鸭早春繁殖记述北大核心CSCD

赤麻鸭(Tadornaferruginea)为雁形目鸭科麻鸭属的大型黄褐色鸭类,繁殖于中国东北、内蒙古、青海、甘肃和西藏等地,越冬于华北、长江流域至西藏、广东等地(郑作新等1979,Roberts1991,Cramp1994)。赤麻鸭在中国与印度等地的种群数量相当丰富,但局部种群存在因过度狩猎和生境破坏导致种群数量下降现象(Vyas 2005,宋亚统等2016)。     

天山北麓典型水库细菌多样性分析

为了探讨天山北麓中段水库细菌的多样性及其功能,选取蘑菇湖水库（MGW）、奎屯/车排子水库（KCW）、安集海水库（AJW）和八一水库（BYW）为典型水库进行宏基因组学分析。多点采集水库水样,收集水样中的微生物,CTAB法提取总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增V3-V4区,扩增产物进行高通量测序,使用BLAST、USEARCH、QIIME等软件和在线工具分析水库细菌的多样性,使用PICRUSt软件和KEGG数据库预测细菌功能基因组成。结果表明,水库细菌分属18个门、38个纲和181个属,其中AJW的操作分类单元（Operational taxonomic units,OTUs）数量和多样性指数较高。4个水库菌群组成有一定的共性,在门分类阶元上优势菌为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;在纲分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌纲（Flavobacteriia）;在属分类阶元上优势菌为黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）。然而各水库菌群组成也存在较大差异,在变形菌门中,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）的相对丰度在MGW和BYW较高,α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacterial）和β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）分别于AJW和KCW具有较高丰度;芽孢杆菌纲（Bacilli）在AJW和MGW具有较高丰度;相对丰度较高的菌属还包括AJW的动性杆菌属（Planomicrobium）、KCW的马赛菌属（Massilia）、MGW的不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和动性杆菌属以及BYW的假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）;另外,AJW特有多种丰度较高的菌纲和菌属,其中微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）和CL500-29_marine_group均有利于水质和菌群多样性的维持。PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,4个水库菌群的多种代谢以及遗传信息处理、信号传递和细胞生长相关功能基因丰度较高,并含有环境异生物降解代谢相关基因,其中苯甲酸、氨基苯甲酸酯、氯烷烃和氯烯烃以及萘降解相关基因的相对丰度较高。以上结果提示,天山北麓中段不同水库菌群组成存在差异,其与水源、周边环境和人类活动等因素相关。水库菌群含有芳香族和有机氯等化合物降解相关基因,其可在污染物的降解和生物修复中发挥作用。