秦岭锐齿栎群落数量特征的研究

对秦岭锐齿栎群落的研究结果表明,该群落乔木层可划为两个亚层,其生活型以高位芽占优势。地面芽次之,锐齿栎、华山松的胸径结构呈左偏正态分布;油松的胸径主要以小径级居多;漆树的胸径以大径级的个体占有较大的比例,属于衰退种群;板栗主要是以小径级的幼树和小树为主,处于幼龄向中龄过渡阶段;山杨处于由进展向稳定过渡阶段,属于中幼龄林,林分的胸径结构主要受锐齿栎种群的胸径变化的影响,聚类与排序结果一致,得到6个类型：鞘柄菝葜+蔷薇-栓皮栎+灰榆-锐齿栎群丛;美丽胡枝子+鞘柄菝葜-板栗-锐齿栎群丛;榛子-尖叶四照花+山杨-锐齿栎群丛;樱桃+榛子-漆树-锐齿栎群丛;榛子+蔷薇-华山松-锐齿栎群丛;箭竹-华山松+油松-锐齿栎群丛,表明锐齿栎群落在海拔分布上的连续性和群落类型分布的间断性。     

神农架国家级自然保护区川金丝猴栖息地的植物群落分类及特征

采用植物社会学调查方法,对神农架国家级自然保护区川金丝猴栖息地植物群落进行了调查,并对127个植物样方调查资料进行了聚类分析。综合数量分类及植物社会学的分类标准,将神农架川金丝猴栖息地植被划分为13个群丛和4个群落;分析了各群丛的结构特征、地理分布特征(海拔、地形等)以及不同群丛的植物组成和食源植物状况,同时对各群丛乔木层的胸径等级和高度进行了分析。结果表明:群丛Ⅰ(华山松-金佛山箬竹-湖北大戟)、群丛Ⅵ(巴山冷杉+红桦-箭竹+兴山五味子-抱茎风毛菊)、群丛Ⅸ(华山松-鄂西绣线菊-中日金星蕨)以及群丛Ⅻ(巴山冷杉+华山松-鞘柄菝葜+鄂西绣线菊-中日金星蕨)4个群丛所含物种数最多,其中群丛Ⅰ、Ⅵ、Ⅸ所含食源植物种数也最多;群丛Ⅳ(红桦-湖北花楸-离舌橐吾)胸径大于30 cm的树木所占比例及乔木层平均高度均最大;这5个群丛是神农架国家级自然保护区川金丝猴栖息地的主要植被类型。该研究可为神农架国家级自然保护区川金丝猴栖息地的植被保护与恢复提供重要参考。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉地理分布和生物生态学特性研究

秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)为中国特有三级保护植物,仅岛屿化分布于陕西、甘肃、四川、河南的秦巴山地和湖北神农架中高山地区,分布海拔1300—2300m。为了对秦岭冷杉种群进行深入研究和有效保护,通过样地调查和相关资料分析,对其地理分布、群落特性、种群特性进行了系统研究。秦岭冷杉群落包含种子植物40科63属102种,可划分成11个地理区系成分,其中温带分布型属占84．21％,热带分布型属占15．79％,温带分布是群落的基本特性。秦岭山区的秦岭冷杉群落可分为5个群丛,基本特点为：生境阴湿;群落郁闭度大,结构复杂;种群个体年龄差异大;天然更新主要发生在保护较好的阴坡林窗地段。秦岭冷杉苗期生长缓慢,在30—70年龄阶段,高生长旺盛;在40—100年龄阶段,胸径生长较快。秦岭冷杉开始结实年龄在30—40年龄阶段,结实间隔期为3—5年。秦岭山区成熟个体平均产球果8个／株,饱满种子56粒／球果。种群更新的关键问题是种子产量低,林下幼苗稀疏,更新缺乏后继资源。种子向幼苗转化率低是生活史中的脆弱环节。在未来经营保护中,应以就地保护为主,通过抚育管理,促进天然更新;丰年应适时采种,就地育苗,扩大人工种群。     

峨眉山冷杉种群研究

依据 5 1个 2 0 m× 2 0 m冷杉乔木层样方和 1 0 2个 4 m× 4 m灌木层样方有关冷杉种群的调查资料和典型区域内冷杉种群的年龄和生长指标的测定 ,对峨眉山冷杉种群配置、重要参数、更新与生长状况进行了研究 ,揭示了当地冷杉种群及其所组成的森林的现状与演替趋势。指出 ,峨眉山冷杉种群的径级配置与海拔高度为主导的环境要素变化相关 ,2 80 0 m以下的冷杉种群缺乏胸径 5～ 2 0 cm的小径个体 ;尤其是在“混交”状的冷杉林下株高小于 5 m的幼龄个体稀少且其年龄与应有的生长量相差甚远 ,由此作者认为该海拔段以下的冷杉种群正面临衰退 ,其构成的冷杉森林正处于退化演替的过程之中 ,并有可能在今后 5 0 a或许更短的时间内显现严重后果。同时 ,本研究表明冷杉主要通过林窗和林缘更新。通过对冷杉 -箭竹 -泥炭藓森林群落中冷杉种群状况的研究 ,阐述了冷杉种群在特定的逆境条件下生殖策略由 K选择向 r选择方向的转化趋势 ,讨论了冷杉种群在泥炭藓发育的局部沼泽化的环境中得以生存的机制 ;本文还就冷杉种群在林内自然更新和迹地更新条件下的胸径生长规律作了比较研究 ,说明密度制约机制对冷杉种群更新具有重要作用 ;并就更新情况相对较好的冷杉 -箭竹 +金顶杜鹃 -草类林、冷杉 -箭竹 -藓类林和冷杉 -峨眉玉山     

贡嘎山海螺沟冷杉群落物种多样性与群落结构随海拔的变化

冷杉(Abies fabri)是贡嘎山东坡亚高山暗针叶林主要的建群种和林线树种.在海螺沟沿海拔梯度调查了19个冷杉林样方,以此分析冷杉在其垂直分布范围内,物种多样性、群落结构及生物量沿海拔梯度的变化.结果表明(1)二元指示种分析(TWINSPAN)可将全部样方分为5个群落类型 a. 冷杉+麦吊云杉(Picea brachytyla)+云南铁杉(Tsuga dumosa)混交林群落; b. 冷杉+阔叶树-杂灌群落; c. 冷杉+阔叶树-冷箭竹(Bashania fangiana)群落; d. 冷杉-杂灌-苔藓群落; e. 冷杉-杜鹃(Rhododendron spp.)-苔藓群落.群落类型的空间分异主要受海拔和坡度、坡位等小地形因素控制.(2)群落乔木层、灌木层的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随海拔上升而减小;但草本层没有明显的变化趋势.(3)各层的β多样性指数随海拔上升均有减小趋势;海拔3300 m以上的群落构成差异较小.(4)冷杉群落和冷杉种群的最大高度、平均高度、最大胸径、平均胸径都随海拔上升而逐渐减小;海拔3550 m以上,冷杉个体的高和直径生长因受到林线环境制约而明显减小,而DBH>5 cm的冷杉和全部种的密度随海拔上升而增大.(5)冷杉林材积随海拔上升而下降,平均值为846.4 m3/hm2.     

秦岭华山松群落数量分类研究

以秦岭华山松群落为研究对象,采用典型取样和随机取样相结合的方法在秦岭林区取400 m^2的样地36块.运用植被排表分析法和Ward最小距离聚类的方法将秦岭华山松进行了分类.结果表明,秦岭华山松群落可以分为5个群丛组7个群丛：华山松＋美丽胡枝子＋荩草群丛;华山松＋美丽胡枝子＋毛叶轴脉蕨群丛;华山松＋蔷薇＋崖棕群丛;华山松＋短梗胡枝子＋深绿蒿群丛;华山松＋陕西绣线菊＋香青群丛;华山松＋陕西绣线菊＋光蹄盖蕨群丛;华山松＋蛇梅群丛.同时针对不同群丛的特点提出合理化的经营和管理措施.     

秦岭冷杉群落主要种群生态位研究

基于对秦岭山区濒危植物秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)分布群落的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,研究了秦岭冷杉群落中主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠,结果表明：（1）分别用Levins和Shannon-weiner两指数测得的主要种群的生态位宽度结果基本一致,即乔木、灌木和草本层中生态位宽度最大的依次为秦岭冷杉、箭竹（Sinarundinaria nitida）和苔草（Carex lanceolata）,秦岭冷杉与生态位宽度值大的种群易形成混交林;（2）生态位宽度较高的两个种群,种对相似性比例一般较高;（3）秦岭冷杉群落中各主要种群之间的生态位重叠程度较低,表明种群对群落环境资源的分享比较充分,群落处于相对稳定状态。     

火地塘生态定位站不同植物群落与小蠹类群多样性

为探讨不同森林植物群落中植物类群与小蠹类群的结构特征以及小蠹类群随海拔高度而发生的变化,于2001~2003年夏季,采用取样调查法,依据海拔高度将秦岭火地塘生态定位站植物群落划分为山麓农田和侧柏群落(群落Ⅰ)、油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落(群落Ⅱ)、油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落(群落Ⅲ)、油松-华山松-辽东栎群落(群落Ⅳ),亚高山云杉林群落(群落Ⅴ),亚高山冷杉林群落(群落Ⅵ)6种类型的植物群落中,分乔木层、灌木层、草本层3个层次,分别计算出高等森林植物群落和针叶树小蠹类群的Shannon-W iener多样性指数、B erger-Parker生态优势度和P ie lou均匀度指数。结果表明,在山麓灌丛群落至针阔混交林群落之间,森林植物物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈递增趋势;在针阔混交林群落与亚高山云杉林群落、亚高山冷杉林群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈下降趋势。从总体看,阔叶林中森林植被的多样性程度高于亚高山云杉林和冷杉林。群落优势度指数的变化规律则与之相反。不同森林群落类型中针叶树小蠹类群的多样性、均匀度和优势度研究结果表明,针叶树小蠹物种多样性指数和均匀度由高到低的排列顺序依次为:油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落、油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落、油松-华山松-辽东栎群落、亚高山云杉林群落、亚高山冷杉林群落、山麓农田侧柏群落;针叶树小蠹群落优势度的变化趋势与之相反。6种类型的植物群落中,共获得针叶树小蠹21种。讨论了小蠹这一昆虫类群对森林植物群落的指示意义、海拔高度对森林植物和小蠹组成及分布的主要影响、研究森林生态系统各部分组成及相互关系的必要性以及进一步深入研究森林群落物种多样性需要注意的问题。     

5种东北红豆杉植物群丛及其物种多样性的比较

东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)是我国数量极少的珍贵濒危树种, 了解其天然群落的组成和特征对东北红豆杉种群的保护利用和恢复有重要意义。本文对吉林省天然东北红豆杉群落进行调查, 根据物种组成进行系统聚类分析。将20块40 m × 40 m样地划分为5种群丛类型, 分别以优势种进行命名, 即: Ⅰ. 舞鹤草-五味子+狗枣猕猴桃-紫椴+臭冷杉群丛; II. 东北羊角芹-狗枣猕猴桃-臭冷杉群丛; III. 盾叶唐松草-狗枣猕猴桃-臭冷杉群丛; IV. 舞鹤草-软枣猕猴桃-红松+紫椴+臭冷杉群丛; V. 舞鹤草-软枣猕猴桃-紫椴+臭冷杉群丛。对群丛的物种组成、群落结构和群丛类型、物种多样性进行了分析。物种多样性选用Menhinick丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数, 对比分析不同群丛特征。结果显示: 东北红豆杉植物群落组成中蔷薇科的种和属数所占比例最大; 5个群丛的多样性指数顺序为群丛V > 群丛III > 群丛IV > 群丛II > 群丛Ⅰ; 群丛Ⅰ和II具有较低的多样性和较高的优势度, 群丛II和群丛III的乔木层的多样性指数差异不明显, 但其丰富度指数和优势度指数却呈现了相反的特征; 群丛II丰富度低而优势度高, 而群丛III丰富度高而优势度低; 群丛III中的草本层的多样性高于乔木层, 群落郁闭度较低; 群丛IV和群丛V均位于和龙市荒沟林场, 随着海拔上升, 其物种多样性随之下降。结果表明, 不同物种组成的东北红豆杉植物群丛的群落特征存在显著差异。     

珍稀濒危植物长白松(Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis)天然种群生存压力

为了揭示珍稀濒危植物长白松（Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis）天然种群生存压力状况,在全面调查长白山国家级自然保护区长白松分布的基础上,基于邻体干扰模型,引入树高、冠幅、方位等因子,提出3种生存压力指数：个体生存压力指数、种群生存压力指数和群落生存压力指数,分析天然长白松所处6种群落类型中的生存压力。结果表明：长白松承受群落生存压力（PI）从大到小依次为：白桦-臭冷杉群落（PI=21.532）、红松-长白松群落（PI=14.185）、白桦群落（PI=13.262）、臭冷杉-长白松群落（PI=8.752）、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落（PI=7.780）和蒙古栎群落（PI=5.440）。多重比较单向方差分析表明,6种群落类型中长白松生存压力总体上差异明显,白桦-臭冷杉群落中长白松生存压力最大,显著高于其他5种群落;竞争树种主要为长白落叶松、红松、长白松、山杨和白桦,这5个树种生存压力大小占群落生存压力的87%;红松-长白松群落和白桦群落中长白松生存压力无明显差异,但显著高于臭冷杉-长白松群落、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落和蒙古栎群落;臭冷杉-长白松群落、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落和蒙古栎群落中长白松生存压力相对较小,彼此无明显差异。长白松生存压力与其所处植物群落演替阶段及其龄级结构有关。目前,保护区采取严格保护和管理方式不完全有利于长白松种群的稳定发展。根据长白松种群所处的植物群落生境特点、种群生存压力状况并结合种群年龄结构特征,针对不同群落类型提出相应抚育措施建议以期为长白松天然种群的保护提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.