Gamma irradiation‐induced disease resistance of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia “Niitaka”) against Penicillium expansum

In this study, the effects of gamma irradiation on the resistance of pear fruit against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mould disease, were investigated. A low dose of gamma irradiation for 14 days increased the disease resistance and firmness of pear fruits. Remarkably, exposure to 200 Gy of gamma irradiation significantly maintained fruit firmness, markedly reduced disease incidence and enhanced the activity of defence‐related enzymes (e.g., β‐1,3‐glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and expression of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes (e.g., PR‐1, PR‐3 and PR‐4). Therefore, the gamma irradiation‐induced resistance against P. expansum involves both metabolic changes and the induction of expression of defence‐related genes. In addition, scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that gamma irradiation significantly inhibits the growth of P. expansum. These results suggest that exposure of mature harvested pear fruits to artificial gamma irradiation confers fungal disease resistance; therefore, gamma irradiation represents an important strategy for controlling postharvest diseases in pear fruit.     

Over-expression of the apple <Emphasis Type="Italic">spermidine synthase</Emphasis> gene in pear confers multiple abiotic stress tolerance by altering polyamine titers

An apple spermidine synthase (SPDS) gene (MdSPDS1) was verified to encode a functional protein by the complementation of the spe3 yeast mutant, which lacks the SPDS gene. To justify our hypothesis that apple SPDS is involved in abiotic stress responses and to obtain transgenic fruit trees tolerant to abiotic stresses as well, MdSPDS1-over-expressing transgenic European pear (Pyrus communis L. ‘Ballad’) plants were created by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A total of 21 transgenic lines showing various spermidine (Spd) titers and MdSPDS1 expression levels were obtained. Selected lines were exposed to salt (150 mM NaCl), osmosis (300 mM mannitol), and heavy metal (500 μM CuSO₄) stresses for evaluating their stress tolerances. Transgenic line no. 32, which was revealed to have the highest Spd accumulation and expression level of MdSPDS1, showed the strongest tolerance to these stresses. When growth increments, electrolyte leakage (EL), and values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were monitored, line no. 32 showed the lowest growth inhibition and the least increase in EL or TBARS under stress conditions. Spd titers in wild-type and transgenic lines showed diverse changes upon stresses, and these changes were not consistent with the changes in MdSPDS1 expressions. Moreover, there were no differences in the sodium concentration in the shoots between the wild type and line no. 32, whereas the copper concentration was higher in the wild type than in line no. 32. Although the mechanism(s) underlying the involvement of polyamines in stress responses is not known, these results suggest that the over-expression of the SPDS gene substantially increased the tolerance to multiple stresses by altering the polyamine titers in pear. Thus, MdSPDS1-over-expressing transgenic pear plants could be used to improve desert land and/or to repair polluted environments. Xiao-Peng Wen and Xiao-Ming Pang contributed equally to this work.     

辛香蔬菜冻干工艺研究

本文研究了三种辛香蔬菜的真空冷冻干燥工艺,得到其冻干曲线,测定了三种蔬菜的共晶点,找到了比较适宜的物料铺放厚度和前处理方式以及干燥速率。根据本研究工艺真空冷冻干燥辛香蔬菜,较好的保持了辛香蔬菜的品质。     

钙渗入抑制翠冠梨果实衰老软化作用的生理生化机制

以翠冠梨为试材,研究了采后浸钙对翠冠梨果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明：(1)钙处理可明显降低果实腐烂率,增加果实中钙的含量;(2)翠冠梨采后衰老时,硬度下降,膜脂过氧化物丙二醛含量增多,质膜透性增大,果实硬度与丙二醛含量呈负相关,钙处理可抑制果实的膜脂过氧化作用,降低质膜透性、呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率,延长了翠冠梨货架寿命。其中采后浸10％CaCl2处理延缓果实衰老软化效果最好。     

有机化梨园节肢动物群落时间动态的聚类分析

对北京顺义地区有机化梨园中2个不同栽培区节肢动物总群落、害虫及天敌亚群落分别进行时间动态的系统聚类。结果表明,在同一园区内,稀植区和密植区均以木虱为优势种类,相对丰盛度分别达0.3801、0.3300。总群落的24次调查结果稀植区可聚为5类,D=1.87,密植区聚为3类,D=1.80;害虫亚群落调查结果,当两区D=1.80时,稀植区可聚为3类,密植区可聚为4类;天敌亚群落调查结果稀植区聚为4类,D=2.12,密植区聚为5类,D=1.75。在早春的密植区和入秋的稀植区木虱发生量大,应加强监测,及时防治。     

‘晚大新高’梨授粉及受精过程的显微动态研究

应用荧光显微法和石蜡切片解剖法对‘晚大新高’梨授粉受精过程进行了系统观察研究。结果表明：‘晚大新高’梨自花授粉不结实;异花最佳授粉品种为‘黄花’,其次为‘翠冠’和‘丰水’。与选用‘黄花’为异花授粉品种相比,自花和异花的授粉受精过程存在明显差异,自花花粉在授粉后2h开始萌发,8h花粉管生长至离柱头约1／3处停止生长,顶端膨大呈球形,表现出自交不亲和性;异花花粉在授粉后1h开始部分萌发,8h花粉管生长至花柱中部,24h到达花柱基部并进入子房,48h进入胚囊,72h完成双受精过程。     

First Report of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus) Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum truncatum in China

Anthracnose disease was detected from dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) at a market of Yuanjiang County, Yunnan Province, China. The results of pathogenicity test, morphology studies and sequence analyses based on ITS and β‐tubulin loci indicated that the disease was caused by Colletotrichum truncatum. The pathogen produced elliptic, yellow spots with chlorotic halos on the surface of the fruit, and the lesion become depressed gradually. Grey to black acervuli appeared on the lesion surface in concentric circles later. This is the first report of dragon fruit anthracnose caused by this pathogen in China.     

尾叶紫薇与紫薇杂交后代花香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用仪测定技术,对尾叶紫薇(W1)与紫薇品种‘多花粉’(C)杂交各世代(F1、F2、BC1)个体的香气成分进行了分析比较。结果表明:(1)尾叶紫薇与F1代个体的挥发物成分均有25种,‘多花粉’的挥发物成分有10种,F2代及BC1代个体的挥发物成分均有26种。(2)月桂烯是尾叶紫薇与杂交子代共有的挥发物成分,但相对百分含量在亲本及各世代中均不高,分别为0.69%(W1)、3.16%(F1)、0.51%(F2)、0.75%(BC1)。(3)亲本及子代的香气成分和相对百分含量存在很大差异,尾叶紫薇、‘多花粉’与杂交子代(F1、F2、BC1)具有较高相对百分含量的挥发物成分分别为异香叶醇(26.21%)、1,1-二甲基-3-亚甲基-乙烯基环己烷(50.34%)、α-法尼烯(11.37%)、1,3,3-三甲基-2-乙烯基-环己烯(14.67%)及反-α-香柠檬烯(16.19%)。(4)尾叶紫薇、‘多花粉’与F1的主要挥发物成分为来源于脂氧合酶途径的脂肪酸衍生物,F2及BC1子代的主要挥发物成分为来源于甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径和2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸(MEP)途径的萜烯类化合物。研究结果为进一步了解紫薇香气成分的遗传规律奠定了基础。     

‘砀山酥梨’及其褐色果皮芽变PbXET基因克隆与表达分析

为研究‘砀山酥梨’及其褐皮芽变木葡聚糖转葡糖苷酶基因(PbXET)表达水平差异,该实验利用RACE技术,克隆了梨PbXET基因;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了梨树叶片、果皮和果肉等不同组织及花后不同时期果皮中PbXET基因表达差异。结果表明:(1)梨PbXET3(KJ690921)和PbXET4(KJ690922)开放阅读框分别为903bp和891bp,分别编码300和296个氨基酸;氨基酸序列聚类分析显示,PbXET3与苹果MdXET-3以及PbXET4与苹果MdXET-5的亲缘关系最近。(2)半定量PCR分析显示,花后150d,PbXET3和PbXET4基因在‘砀山酥梨’和‘锈酥’不同组织中均有表达,且PbXET3在叶片中表达量很低,在果皮、果肉中表达相对较强,其中叶片中PbXET3表达量低于PbXET4,而果肉和果皮中PbXET3的表达均明显高于PbXET4。(3)荧光定量PCR分析发现,在‘砀山酥梨’和‘锈酥’果皮中,PbXET3和PbXET4基因不同时期的表达量变化趋势不同;与‘砀山酥梨’相比,果皮颜色发生变化(花后100d)之后,‘锈酥’果皮中PbXET3表达量骤减;而果皮颜色发生变化(花后100d)之前,PbXET4表达量均显著降低。由此推测,PbXET3和PbXET4基因参与了‘锈酥’果皮褐色形成的调节,其表达水平差异可能是改变‘锈酥’表皮细胞结构的重要原因之一。     

广东中山市芳香植物调查

中山市共有芳香植物39科64属90种,其中裸子植物3科5属6种,双子叶植物31科52属74种,单子叶植物5科7属10种。主要集中于木兰科、樟科、桃金娘科、芸香科、菊科、马鞭草科和姜科等,本文详细介绍了樟树、山苍子、黄栀子、山姜和鱼腥草等重要的芳香植物,并结合其特点及加工方法就合理开发利用提出建议。