The water frogs of Greece: Bioacoustic evidence for a new species

The structure of the mating call of lake frogs (referred to as R. ridibunda) from 16 populations in Greece was analyzed for local variation using multivariate statistics. The populations of Thrace and of the island of Samothraki form a group giving the same type of mating call, whereas the mating call of the other populations differs in the degree of temperature dependence of four parameters, and specifically in the number of pulses/pulse group and pulse groups/call. Discriminant functions distinguish even single call series with a probability of 97%, intermediate mating calls are absent, and there is a significant, but slight differentiation of external morphological characters. These results have strong taxonomic implications. We conclude that the lake frogs of Greece comprise two species. The mating call of the lake frogs from Thrace resembles in all parameters that of the Rana ridibunda in the terra typica restricta (Guryev, CIS). Accordingly, the lake frogs of eastern Greece belong to R. ridibunda. The mating call of these lake frogs consists of 20 pulses/pulse group and of 7 pulse groups/call on the average. Most of Greece is inhabited by the second taxon, Rana balcanica sp. n. Its mating call is characterized by 27 pulses/pulse group and 4 pulse groups/call on the average. The two species in Greece do not differ with respect to coloration and size, but several standardized indices vary significantly: body length/digitus primus length; body length/callus internus length; body length/snout-eye distance; body length/tympanum diameter; tibia length/callus internus length; maximal head width/snout-eye distance.     

人上皮细胞角蛋白纤维结构转化的分析

用0℃冷冻处理2—3 h,一些PcaSE-1和BEL-7404细胞的角蛋白纤维能部分地转化成凝聚颗粒,但在HeLa 和CNE 细胞中不发生这种角蛋白纤维结构转化。当回复温度到37℃15—30 min 时,PcaSE-1 和BEL-7404细胞的这种结构转化能快速回复。相反,在HeLa 和CNE 细胞有丝分裂时,角蛋白纤维能转化成凝聚颗粒,但PcaSE-1细胞和BEL-7404细胞的角蛋白纤维网始终维持纤维状态,且围绕纺锤体分布。上述结果表明:两类上皮细胞角蛋白纤维结构的转化似由不同因子所引起。我们的结果还指出:(1)单用秋水仙素或用秋水仙素和细胞松弛素D 合并处理PcaSE-1细胞不能引起角蛋白纤维凝聚。但经秋水仙素解聚微管后,会增强细胞对冷处理的凝聚反应。(2)冷处理时角蛋白纤维凝聚的形成与细胞是否具有两套不同的中间纤维无关。(3)予先用TritonX-100抽提细胞,角蛋白纤维在冷冻后不能转化成凝聚颗粒。(4)冷冻处理引起的结构转化可能是某些上皮细胞系的角蛋白纤维的一种特殊性质。     

侵袭性牙周炎伴错牙合畸形患者牙周-正畸联合治疗前后血清SAA、leptin的变化及与牙周指标和辅助性T细胞亚群的相关性分析

摘要 目的：探讨侵袭性牙周炎伴错牙合畸形患者牙周-正畸联合治疗前后血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）、瘦素（leptin）的变化及与牙周指标和辅助性T细胞（Th）亚群的相关性。方法：选择2020年6月-2022年8月解放军总医院京中医疗区黄寺门诊部口腔科收治的80例侵袭性牙周炎伴错牙合畸形患者（牙周炎组）和65例于口腔门诊检查的健康志愿者（对照组）。所有患者均接受牙周-正畸联合治疗,治疗前后分别检测血清SAA、leptin水平以及外周血中Th1、Th2、Th17细胞占比,并评估牙周指标变化。Pearson相关性分析血清SAA、leptin水平与牙周指标以及外周血中Th1、Th2、Th17细胞占比的相关性。结果：牙周炎组治疗前血清SAA、leptin水平,外周血Th1、Th17细胞占比,出血指数（SBI）、菌斑指数（PLI）、附着丧失（AL）、牙周探诊深度（PD）高于对照组（P＜0.05）,外周血Th2细胞占比低于对照组（P＜0.05）。牙周炎组治疗后血清SAA、leptin水平,外周血Th1、Th17细胞占比,PLI、SBI、AL、PD较治疗前降低（P＜0.05）,外周血Th2细胞占比较治疗前增高（P＜0.05）。牙周炎组血清SAA、leptin与PLI、SBI、AL、PD,外周血Th1、Th17细胞占比呈正相关,与外周血Th2细胞占比呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：侵袭性牙周炎伴错牙合畸形患者血清SAA、leptin水平增高,经牙周-正畸联合治疗后下降,高水平SAA、leptin与牙周组织破坏程度以及Th亚群紊乱有关,检测血清SAA、leptin水平可评估侵袭性牙周炎牙周组织破坏程度以及细胞免疫状态。     

免疫检查点抑制剂联合抗血管生成二线治疗晚期食管癌患者疗效及肿瘤标志物表达、预后生存期的影响

摘要 目的：研究信迪利单抗与阿帕替尼在晚期食管癌二线治疗中的应用效果。方法：根据随机数字表法将2019年1月～2022年1月本院收治的70例食管癌患者分为对照组与观察组,每组各35例,对照组给予阿帕替尼治疗,观察组给予信迪利单抗与阿帕替尼联合治疗,观察两组患者的客观缓解率（ORR）、疾病控制率（DCR）,并在治疗前后利用酶联免疫吸附法检测其糖类抗原50（CA-50）、糖类抗原199（CA199）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、鳞癌抗原（SCC）水平;随后通过随访记录两组患者的预后生存期,并建立多因素Logistic模型分析影响患者达到中位OS、PFS的独立危险因素。结果：与对照组比较,观察组ORR、DCR率较高（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,治疗后观察组血清CA50、CA199、CEA、SCC水平较低（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,观察组中位OS、PFS较长（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,治疗方法、CA50、CA199、CEA、SCC是影响食管癌预后生存期的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：利用免疫检查点抑制剂与抗血管生成药物对晚期食管癌患者开展二线治疗,不仅能降低血清中的肿瘤标志物浓度,还能延长患者的预后生存期,治疗效果较为显著。     

Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification,epidemiology, neurobiology,clinical aspects,treatment and prevention

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and exact a large toll on individuals’ health, well-being, and social functioning. Long-lasting changes in brain networks involved in reward, executive function, stress reactivity, mood, and self-awareness underlie the intense drive to consume substances and the inability to control this urge in a person who suffers from addiction (moderate or severe SUD). Biological (including genetics and developmental life stages) and social (including adverse childhood experiences) determinants of health are recognized factors that contribute to vulnerability for or resilience against developing a SUD. Consequently, prevention strategies that target social risk factors can improve outcomes and, when deployed in childhood and adolescence, can decrease the risk for these disorders. SUDs are treatable, and evidence of clinically significant benefit exists for medications (in opioid, nicotine and alcohol use disorders), behavioral therapies (in all SUDs), and neuromodulation (in nicotine use disorder). Treatment of SUDs should be considered within the context of a Chronic Care Model, with the intensity of intervention adjusted to the severity of the disorder and with the concomitant treatment of comorbid psychiatric and physical conditions. Involvement of health care providers in detection and management of SUDs, including referral of severe cases to specialized care, offers sustainable models of care that can be further expanded with the use of telehealth. Despite advances in our understanding and management of SUDs, individuals with these conditions continue to be stigmatized and, in some countries, incarcerated, highlighting the need to dismantle policies that perpetuate their criminalization and instead develop policies to ensure support and access to prevention and treatment.     

吖啶橙失活处理应用于不对称融合初步探讨

马铃薯栽培种和野生种叶肉原生质体经过吖啶橙（ＡＯ）处理后,暗培养两天,再光照４ｈ而失活．失活程度取决于ＡＯ处理时间、ＡＯ浓度、光照时机等．四倍体失活浓度高于二倍体,处理后马上光照失活效果最强烈,８ｄ后光照其小细胞团同未光照处理相差不大。ＡＯ失活的栽培种ＮＯ７同罗丹明６Ｇ（Ｒ６Ｇ）失活的Ｓｏｌａｎｕｍｂｕｌｂｏｃａｓｔａｎｕｍ融合后可以发生代谢互补恢复分裂,已得到假定的杂种小愈伤组织．     

Assembly of cortical microtubules during cold treatment of the coenocytic green alga,Chaetomorpha moniligera

The effects of cold treatment on the cortical microtubules (MTs) of Chaetomorpha moniligera Kjellman were investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cortical MTs in Chaetomorpha thallus are arranged longitudinally. In this study, 70–75% of MTs disassembled within 4 h on ice while the others remained stable under these conditions. Reticulate background immunofluorescence, assumed to indicate the presence of a tubulin monomer, was distributed about the stable MTs. Immunofluorescence was prominent in only 50% of the cells. Tubulin polymerization was noted where the background and MT immunofluorescence was strong. New MTs grew transversely as single strings or clusters from the sides of MTs after cold treatment for 4 h and elongated with time to take on a reticulate form at 24 h. The significance of this tubulin polymerization under cold treatment is discussed.Abbreviations MT microtubule - MTOC microtubule-organizing center     

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Stimulates Adenylyl Cyclase and Phospholipase C Activity in Rat Cerebellar Neuroblasts

Abstract: The presence of receptors for the novel neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been recently demonstrated in the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum, a germinative matrix that generates the majority of cerebellar interneurons. In the present study, we have taken advantage of the possibility of obtaining a culture preparation that is greatly enriched in immature cerebellar granule cells to investigate the effect of PACAP on the adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C transduction pathways. The two molecular forms of PACAP, i.e., 27-(PACAP27) and 38-(PACAP38) amino-acid forms of PACAP, induced a dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP production in granule cells. The potencies of PACAP27 and PACAP38 were similar (ED₅₀ = 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.23 ± 0.07 n M , respectively), whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was ∼100 times less potent. PACAP27 and PACAP38 also induced a dose-dependent stimulation of polyphosphoinositide breakdown (ED₅₀ = 19.1 ± 6.3 and 13.4 ± 6.0 n M , respectively), whereas VIP had no effect on polyphosphoinositide metabolism. The effect of PACAP38 on inositol phosphate formation was significantly reduced by U-73122 and by pertussis toxin, indicating that activation of PACAP receptors causes stimulation of a phospholipase C through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. In contrast, forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP did not affect PACAP-induced stimulation of inositol phosphates. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that PACAP stimulates independently the adenylyl cyclase and the phospholipase C transduction pathways in immature cerebellar granule cells. These data favor the concept that PACAP may play important roles in the control of proliferation and/or differentiation of cerebellar neuroblasts.     

Formation of nitrifying biofilms on small suspended particles in airlift reactors

For a stable and reliable operation of a BAS-reactor a high, active biomass concentration is required with mainly biofilm-covered carriers. The effect of reactor conditions on the formation of nitrifying biofilms in BAS-reactors was investigated in this article. A start-up strategy to obtain predominantly biofilm-covered carriers, based on the balancing of detachment and a biomass production per carrier surface area, proved tp be very successful. The amount of biomass and the fraction of covered carrier were high and development of nitrification activity was fast, leading to a volumetric conversion of 5 kg(N) . m(-3) . d(-1) at a hydraulic retention time of 1h. A 1-week, continuous inoculation with suspended purely nitrifying microorganisms resulted in a swift start-up compared with batch addition of a small number of biofilms with some nitrification activity. The development of nitrifying biofilms was very similar to the formation of heterotrophic biofilms. In contrast to heterotrophic bio-films, the diameter of nitrifying biofilms increased during start-up. The detachment rate from nitrifying biofilms decreased with lower concentrations of bare carrier, in a fashion comparable with heterotrophic biofilms, but the nitrifying biofilms were much more robust and resistant. Standard diffusion theory combined with reaction kinetics are capable of predicting the activity and conversion of biofilms on small suspended particles. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons Inc.