半干旱区旱地不同覆盖种植方式玉米田的土壤水分和产量效应

为探讨半干旱区旱地不同种植方式玉米(Zea mays)田的土壤水分动态特征, 测定了全膜双垄沟播(PMF)、全沙覆盖(SM)和裸地(CK) 3种不同处理0-200 cm土壤水分季节变化、垂直变化及年际变化。结果表明: PMF明显改善玉米拔节前0-200 cm土壤的水分条件, 有利于玉米前期生长; 随着玉米生育进程的推进, 3种处理的耗水量依次为: PMF﹥SM﹥CK, 而土壤贮水量表现为CK﹥SM﹥PMF; 在相同降雨条件下, PMF处理0-200 cm土壤水分降雨入渗补给深度最大, SM次之, CK最小。随着种植年限增加, PMF的耗水量和耗水深度增加, 两年种植期间耗水深度从20-120 cm向120-200 cm推移; 连续种植两年后, 3种处理40-120 cm土壤含水量下降至9.0%以下, 其中PMF下降最快(7.9%), 土壤含水量接近萎蔫系数7.2%, 玉米只能靠当年降水生长, 如种植年限继续增加, 土壤极有可能形成干层。3种处理之间耗水量、产量、水分利用效率都存在显著差异, PMF最高, SM次之, CK最低。因此, 在半干旱区采用全膜双垄沟播种植玉米可显著提高产量, 但连续种植可导致土壤贮水量显著降低, 对农田可持续生产能力造成不利影响。     

Rectified photocurrent of molecular photodiode consisting of cytochrome c/GFP hetero thin films

Photoinduced electron transfer in the molecular electronic device consisting of protein-adsorbed hetero Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film was investigated. Three kinds of functional molecules, cytochrome c, viologen, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were used as an electron acceptor, a mediator, and a sensitizer, respectively. The hetero-LB film was fabricated by subsequently depositing cytochrome c and viologen onto the pretreated ITO or quartz glass. GFP adsorbed hetero-LB films were prepared by soaking the hetero-LB films into the buffer solution containing GFP. The MIM (metal/insulator/metal) structured molecular device was constructed by depositing aluminum onto the surface of the GFP-adsorbed hetero LB films. Due to the excitation by irradiation with a 460 nm monochromic light source, the photoinduced unidirectional flow of electrons in the MIM device could be achieved and was detected as photocurrents. The photoswitching function was achieved and the rectifying characteristic was observed in the molecular device. Based on the measurement of transient photocurrent of molecular device, the unidirectional flow of electrons was verified.     

Influence of pigment substitution on the electrochemical properties of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 601 reaction centers

With the help of pigment substitution, self-assembled monolayer film and square wave voltammetry, the influence of pigment substitution on the electrochemical properties of Rhodobac-ter sphaeroides 601 reaction centers was investigated. Results showed that the charge separation could also be driven by externally electric field, similar to the primary photochemical reaction in purple bacterial reaction center. On the surface of Au electrode, a self-assembled monolayer film (the RC-PDDA-DMSA film) was made up of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), poly-dimeth-yldiallylammonium chloride (PDDA) and reaction center (RC). When square wave voltammetry was used to study the RC-PDDA-DMSA film, four redox pairs in the photochemical reaction of RC were observed by changing frequency. With nonlinear fitting, the standard potential of P/P+ and the corresponding electrode reaction rate constant were determined to be 0.522 V and 13.04 S-1, respectively. It was found that the redox peak at -0.02 V changed greatly when b     

Diffusion of KCl in an amylose film

A method has been developed measuring the diffusion coefficient of KCl in amylose films. The films were soaked in potassium chloride solutions, then immersed in pure water and conductivity measured as a function of time. Different concentrations of the soaking solution were used and the measurements were made at several temperatures. The diffusion coefficient of KCl was found to be independent of the soaking solution KCl concentration, but found to increase with increasing temperature. The diffusion coefficient values were about one quarter of those found in water and varied from 4.8×10⁻¹⁰ to 11×10⁻¹⁰ m² s⁻¹. The activation energy of diffusion was close to that found in water. Two values for the activation energy were obtained, 20.1 and 14 kJ mol⁻¹, indicating a change in the film structure at 45 °C. Amylose films swelled equally in KCl-solutions and water. The thickness of amylose films doubled and the increase in mass was 100–200% corresponding the decrease of amylose content from about 87 to 37%, when the conditions changed from normal humidity conditions to water.     

Novel way of measuring the fracture toughness of leaves and other thin films using a single inclined razor blade

A new test for measuring leaf fracture toughness by cutting with a single inclined razor blade is described here, this having been developed to overcome some of the inadequacies of conventional double-bladed cutting tests, such as scissoring and shearing. The accuracy and precision of this test were determined by measuring the fracture toughness of various leaf types and homogeneous films, and comparing the results with those obtained by scissoring. The new test was found to display a low friction of cutting with great precision in measurements. Fracture toughness measurements of the specimens were considerably lower for the new test than those obtained by scissoring, owing to greater blade sharpness and reduced damage to the specimens during cutting. Despite this, the rankings of fracture toughness measurements for the specimens are similar for both the new test and scissoring, thus demonstrating the test's consistency with scissoring. The new test was found to be successful in measuring the fracture toughness of leaf blades and other thin, film-like materials. It was also able to overcome some of the difficulties of conventional double-bladed cutting tests, especially the estimation of energy expenditure that is extraneous to the work of cutting.     

Electrochemical interrogations of the Mtr cytochromes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella</Emphasis>: opening a potential window

The multi-heme cytochromes from Shewanella oneidensis associated with the dissimilatory metal reduction (DMR) pathway have been investigated using the technique of protein film voltammetry (PFV). Using PFV, we have interrogated each of the multi-heme cytochromes (MtrA, STC, and solubilized versions of the membrane-bound proteins CymA, OmcA, and MtrC) under identical conditions for the first time. Each cytochrome reveals a broad envelope of voltammetric response, indicative of multiple redox cofactors that span a range of potential of approximately 300 mV. Our studies show that, when considered as an aggregate pathway, the multiple hemes of the DMR cytochromes provide a "window" of operating potential for electron transfer to occur from the cellular interior to the exterior spanning values of -250 to 0 mV (at circumneutral values of pH). Similarly, each cytochrome supports interfacial electron transfer at rates on the order of 200 s(-1). These data are taken together to suggest a model of electron transport where a wide window of potential allows for charge transfer from the cellular interior to the exterior to support bioenergetics.     

A unique nuclear receptor direct repeat 17 (DR17) is present within the upstream region of Schistosoma mansoni female-specific p14 gene

The eggs produced by sexually mature female Schistosma mansoni are responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease. The eggshell precursor gene p14 is expressed only in the vitelline cells of sexually mature female worms in response to a yet unidentified male stimulus. Herein, we report the identification of a novel nuclear receptor response element in the upstream region of the p14 gene. This element contains the canonical hexameric DNA core motif, 5′-PuGGTCA, composed of an atypically spaced direct repeat (DR17). Schistosome nuclear receptors SmRXR1 and SmNR1 specifically bound to the p14-DR17 element as a heterodimer. SmRXR1, but not SmNR1, bound to the motif as a monomer. Introduction of mutations in the TCA core sequence completely abolished the binding by SmRXR1/SmNR1 heterodimer. This finding supports our hypothesis that the expression of Schistosoma mansonip14 gene is regulated through the nuclear receptor signaling pathway.     

不同反光膜对设施葡萄光合特性和叶片糖代谢的影响

以‘京秀’葡萄为试材,研究了蓝膜、红膜、铝膜3种反光膜对设施葡萄光合特性和叶片糖代谢的影响。结果显示:红膜和蓝膜处理的葡萄叶片的净光合速率均显著高于对照(不铺设反光膜);在果实发育前期,各处理的叶绿素含量和叶绿素b/a值均大于对照,而后期均低于对照;蓝膜和红膜处理叶片的蔗糖含量较高,而蓝膜处理叶片中的蔗糖合酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性最高;各铺膜处理均比对照提高了葡萄果实鲜量和可溶性糖含量、降低可滴定酸含量,且蓝膜处理显著优于红膜和铝膜。研究表明,在设施栽培条件下,地面铺设蓝色反光膜可显著提高葡萄叶片的光合速率和叶片中碳水化合物的关键合成酶活性,并显著提高葡萄果实品质。     

黄土高原地膜春小麦地上干物质累积与转运规律

通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了黄土高原半干旱地区地膜与露地春小麦地上干物质累积、转运规律.结果表明:与露地春小麦相比,地膜春小麦单株最大叶面积增加17.16%,最大绿叶面积峰值早出现6 d,开花前干物质积累量高8.97%;地膜春小麦叶片、茎秆、颖壳穗轴的输出率分别比露地春小麦高3.23%～3.67%、3.53%～4.55%和1.80%～3.63%;其转换率分别比露地春小麦高0.12%～0.46%、0.92%～1.90%和0.35%～0.87%;各非经济器官输出的干物质对籽粒干物质的贡献率比露地春小麦高1.9%～2.7%;地膜春小麦籽粒起始生长势、最大生长速率、活跃生长期均高于露地春小麦;而达最大生长速率的天数短于露地小麦;地膜春小麦籽粒灌浆期具有较强的生长势,灌浆速率快,灌浆时间长,最终表现为粒重高、产量增加36%.     

GABA茶中γ-氨基丁酸的TLC测定及提纯研究

本文对GABA茶中有效成分γ-氨基丁酸的薄层扫描(TLC)检测以及提取、分离、纯化进行了研究,结果表明:正丁醇?醋酸?水体积比为4?1?1展开剂分离效果较好,R f值为0.46。采用双波长扫描法检测,扫描波长分别为λS=515nm,λR=680 nm,检测线性范围:0.5μL~15μL,样品平均回收率为98.75%。采用水提取法比乙醇提取法γ-氨基丁酸含量提高20%左右,732阳离子树脂对γ-氨基丁酸的静态最大吸附量为32.9 mg.g-1,1 h内其吸附速度较快,达吸附量的70%。样液pH值、流速等因子对树脂的吸附效率有影响,当pH值为3.0,流速3 m l.m in-1时,树脂的吸附量达到最大值。采用柠檬酸缓冲液和NH3.H2O进行洗脱,当pH为8.0~9.0时,γ-氨基丁酸洗脱率达94.68%。