A review of genus Grahamomyia Alexander, 1935 (Diptera,Limoniidae)

Only one species of the genus Grahamomyia Alexander, 1935 was previously known from the world. Here one new species, Grahamomyia bilobula sp. nov., is reported from China. Grahamomyia bicellula Alexander, 1935 is re-described and illustrated. A key to the known species of Grahamomyia is presented.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A18E32D8-B017-46FF-B05B-B664AF988F1B.     

纳帕海环湖公路交通噪声对鸟类的影响

为研究纳帕海环湖公路交通噪声对冬季鸟类的影响域和对敏感物种黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollus)行为的影响,于2009年和2010年冬季沿环湖公路以自驾车匀速行驶调查(40 km/h)与徒步定点观测两种形式对路域鸟类的回避距离及黑颈鹤的行为反应进行了研究.结果显示:(1)纳帕海环湖公路路域一共记录到鸟类36种,其中...     

Gypsy moth feeding in the canopy of a CO2-enriched mature forest

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration is expected to change plant tissue quality with important implications for plant–insect interactions. Taking advantage of canopy access by a crane and long‐term CO₂ enrichment (530 μ mol mol^?1) of a natural old‐growth forest (web‐free air carbon dioxide enrichment), we studied the responses of a generalist insect herbivore feeding in the canopy of tall trees. We found that relative growth rates (RGR) of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) were reduced by 30% in larvae fed on high CO₂‐exposed Quercus petraea, but increased by 29% when fed on high CO₂‐grown Carpinus betulus compared with control trees at ambient CO₂ (370 μ mol mol^?1). In Fagus sylvatica, there was a nonsignificant trend for reduced RGR under elevated CO₂. Tree species‐specific changes in starch to nitrogen ratio, water, and the concentrations of proteins, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins in response to elevated CO₂ were identified to correlate with altered RGR of gypsy moth larvae. Our data suggest that rising atmospheric CO₂ will have strong species‐specific effects on leaf chemical composition of canopy trees in natural forests leading to contrasting responses of herbivores such as those reported here. A future change in host tree preference seems likely with far‐ranging consequences for forest community dynamics.     

THE VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF THE GREY CROWNED CRANE BALEARICA REGULORUM GIBBERICEPS. II: THE UNISON CALL

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the acoustic features and the behavioural context of the unison call of the East African Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum gibbericeps. It speculates on the different functions of the unison call according to the situations where it is given. This is tested with the appeasement-threat hypothesis, which claims that the threatening acoustic characteristics of the unison call should be enhanced if it is given as a territorial call. In comparison, the appeasing acoustic characteristics should be stronger if the unison call is performed at flock sites where it possibly serves for mate assessment.     

ECTOPARASITE LOAD IN A LAUGHING DOVE WITH A DEFORMED MANDIBLE

At Dyer Island, South Africa, observations of predation of seabirds by Cape Fur Seals Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus were made during 2004 and 2006/07. It was estimated that seals killed about 7% of adult African Penguins Spheniscus demersus annually. This may have contributed to the penguin colony not increasing in spite of food becoming more available in its vicinity during an eastward shift of epipelagic fish resources off South Africa at the start of the twenty-first century. Adult penguins were most susceptible to mortality in the breeding season as they returned to feed chicks in the evening. Seals also killed substantial numbers (3–9%) of Cape Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis fledglings as they left the island, mostly in the morning. The losses of Cape Cormorant fledglings accounted for about 95% of the overall mortality of seabirds attributable to seals. Mortality inflicted by seals on adults of four species of cormorant was negligible and no predation by seals on gulls and terns was observed.     

云南省两种鸟类新纪录

2010年10月至2012年11月作者在云南省香格里拉县和曲靖市会泽县等地进行鸟类调查和鸟类摄影时,先后观察记录到高原山鹑（Perdix hodgsoniae）和白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）两种鸟,经查阅相关文献和专著,确认高原山鹑和白鹤为云南省鸟类新纪录。     

Description and DNA barcoding of Tipula ( Pterelachisus) recondita sp. n. from the Palaearctic region (Diptera, Tipulidae)

Tipula (Pterelachisus) recondita Pilipenko & Salmela, sp. n. is described. The new species is collected from two localities: Finland, Kittilä (North boreal ecoregion) and Russia, Primorski kray (Zone of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests). Although variation in the structure of male hypopygium between the Finnish and Russian populations is observed, DNA barcode sequences differ only by three nucleotides (0.2 % K2P distance), supporting presence of one widespread species. K2P minimum distances between the new species and 17 other species of the subgenus range from 5.3 to 15.8 % (mean 8.8 %). The new species is forest-dwelling, known from an old-growth herb-rich forest (Finland) and Quercus mongolica forest (Russia). The new species is perhaps closest to Tipula (Pterelachisus) imitator Alexander and in lesser extent to Tipula (Pterelachisus) pauli Mannheims; the inner gonostylus of both species are illustrated.     

扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢的内分布型及巢域

为了探讨丹顶鹤繁殖种群的空间分布,2002～2006年的4～5月份,在黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区,采用定点观察法、无样地取样法、GPS定位等研究方法和分布距离指数、最近邻体法等衡量指标对丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢的内分布型及巢域进行了研究.结果表明:(1)扎龙保护区丹顶鹤巢的内分布型,I2002=2.140>2,I2003=2.048>2,I2004=2.093>2, I2006=3.263>2,均为聚集分布;(2)在假设扎龙保护区丹顶鹤巢域面积等于领域面积、巢域形状为圆形且所有个体面积大小相等的前提下,丹顶鹤的巢域为(0.510±0.019)km2,年度间有所差异,分别为2002年(0.542±0.257)km2、2003年(0.569±0.067)km2、2004年(0.557±0.054)km2、2006年(0.344±0.119)km2.分析表明,丹顶鹤对于栖息生境的整体分布和繁殖微生境质量的变化具有一定适应和应答的能力.为了更有效地验证本文的研究结果并对丹顶鹤进行保护,还有待于长期监测并进一步研究.     

白鹤迁徙动态及其停歇地环境条件研究

在吉林省莫莫格保护区于2000年4－5月对途经此地的白鹤（Grus leucogeranus)种群数量和停歇地环境条件进行研究的结果表明：白鹤于4月3日左右迁来,高峰期在4月下旬,最多数量达到577只（4月27日）,5月8日离开莫莫格,停歇期36天。白鹤迁徙活动受风速、气温、降雨等天气条件影响。喜栖湿草甸、浅水湖泡及湖泡中间的“旱堑”。取食鱼类及植物,以植物性食物为主。本文提出了进一步研究和保护白鹤迁徒停歇地的措施。     

繁殖期内丹顶鹤的日常短鸣声行为模式分析

繁殖期内,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的日常短鸣声行为具有一定的模式。本文通过行为的实时观察,并利用MATLAB分析软件对日常短鸣声进行了计算机声谱分析,给出了鸣声模式的声图、示波图和频谱。结果表明：雄性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个音节;而雌性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,最少的含有4个音节。雌雄鸣声的共同特性是每个音节都是由三个声脉冲组成。l号鹤的谐和特性较好,2号音色较纯净;雌性鸣肌速率较高,雄性则较低。自由选择配对组配偶间音质是一纯一杂,而人为组合组雌雄音质相同。