Microsatellites for diversity studies in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Ten polymorphic microsatellites were developed for the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), a widely used model organism in biological and medical researches. All loci were used to analyse the microsatellite variability in wild golden hamsters from Syria and in a sample of domestic animals comprising different strains. Average mean expected heterozygosity (H_E) and mean allele number (A) of domestic hamsters measured 0.279 ± 0.058 and 2.6 ± 0.306, respectively, compared to 0.809 ± 0.019 and 8.3 ± 1.075 found for wild hamsters. Cross‐species application in other Mesocricetus species proved conservation of most loci throughout the genus.     

基于Maxent的两种入侵性鱼类(麦穗鱼和鲫)的全球适生区预测

受引种、贸易等人类活动的影响, 麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)和鲫(Carassius auratus)在全球范围内已经广泛分布并造成巨大的生态危害。根据野外采样和文献记录, 本文系统整理了麦穗鱼和鲫在世界各地的分布情况, 以高达2.5弧分分辨率的环境数据底图, 利用Maxent模型预测了麦穗鱼和鲫在全球的适生区, 以期为防控麦穗鱼和鲫的入侵提供早期预警。结果表明麦穗鱼和鲫在全球范围的分布区非常广泛, 除南极洲外的各个大洲均有其适生区, 因此这两种鱼还有继续扩散的潜力, 并可能在美国、巴西和阿根廷等国家出现由生物入侵导致的生态学问题。麦穗鱼的适生区主要集中在15º–55º N之间, 欧洲是麦穗鱼入侵的重灾区, 尤其是法国、荷兰周边的西欧国家和匈牙利、塞尔维亚周边的东欧国家; 而美国中部的密西西比河流域、东部及南部沿海, 以及西雅图至加拿大的温哥华之间是麦穗鱼潜在入侵风险性极高的区域。鲫自然分布于欧洲至东亚的广大地区, 目前已经在澳大利亚、加拿大、美国、马达加斯加、印度和越南等国家有分布, 未来还可能进一步扩散至大洋洲的新西兰和新喀里多尼亚, 北美洲的墨西哥至南美洲的阿根廷, 以及非洲的塞内加尔、几内亚和南非等国家; 尤其是南美洲的阿根廷和巴西, 非洲西部的几内亚、喀麦隆等国家将是鲫入侵风险极高的区域。     

苯并(a)芘对鲫鱼肝脏EROD活性的影响

研究了典型多环芳烃类有机污染物苯并(a)芘(BaP)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏7-乙氧基-3-异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响。结果表明,注射后96 h,10和100 mg.kg-1处理组肝脏EROD活性被明显诱导,分别为对照组的2.3(P<0.05)和3.1倍(P<0.01)。肝脏EROD活性随着时间延长继续升高,至注射后14 d,1 mg.kg-1处理组鲫鱼肝脏EROD活性为对照的3.0倍(P<0.001),而100 mg.kg-1处理组则高达5.8倍(P<0.001)。鲫鱼肝脏EROD活性可作为反映BaP暴露水平的生物标志物。BaP对鲫鱼的最低效应浓度为1 mg.kg-1(鱼体重)。     

A molecular approach to detect hybridisation between crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and non-indigenous carp species (Carassius spp. and Cyprinus carpio)

1. Releases of non‐native fish into the wild is an increasing problem posing considerable ecological and genetic threats through direct competition and hybridisation. 2. We employed six microsatellite markers to identify first generation hybrids and backcrosses between native crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and introduced goldfish (C. auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the U.K. We also investigated the genetic characteristics of the taxonomically controversial gibel carp (Carassius spp.) from sites across Europe. 3. Natural hybridisation between goldfish and crucian carp occurs frequently, although hybrids between all other species pairs were observed. Only 62% of British crucian carp populations (n = 21) consisted exclusively of pure crucian carp. In some populations hybrids were so frequent, that no pure crucian carp were caught, indicating a high competitive ability of hybrids. 4. Most hybrids belonged to the F1 generation but backcrossing was evident at a low frequency in goldfish × crucian carp hybrids and goldfish × common carp hybrids. Furthermore, some local populations had high frequencies of backcrosses, raising the opportunity for introgression. 5. Gibel carp from Germany and Italy belonged to two triploid clonal lineages that were genetically closely related to goldfish, whereas all individuals identified from British populations proved to be crucian carp × goldfish hybrids. 6. Our study suggests that the release of closely related exotic cyprinids not only poses a threat to the genetic integrity and associated local adaptations of native species, but may also contribute to shifts in community structure through competitive interactions.     

金黄地鼠不同组织碱性磷酸酶同工酶研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺圆盘电泳方法,分析了金黄地鼠血清,肝脏,心脏和骨骼肌4种组织的碱性磷酸酶同工酶。结果表明,在同种动物中不同组织的碱性磷酸酶谱具有明显的组织特异性,并且各部门酶带有重叠现象。在不同组织中碱性磷酸酶具有特异性,这是与各组织的生理功能相适应的结果。     

Hydrodynamic Analysis of C-start in Crucian Carp

The kinematics of turning maneuvers of startled Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) are presented. All escape response observed are C-type fast-starts. The position of the center of mass and the me,merit of inertia of the fish are calculated. The results show that the position of the center of mass is always at 35% of the length of the fish from the head and the position of the center of mass and rroment of inertia can be considered unchanged during C-start of Crucian Carp. Hydro-dynamic analysis of the C-start is given based on the kinematics data from our experiments. The C-start consists of three stages. In stage 1, the tail fin of fish rapidly flaps in one direction, and a large moment acts on the fish‘s body, which rotates around the center of mass with an angular acceleration. In stage 2, the tail fin flaps more slowly in the opposite direction at slower speed, the fish‘s body rotates around the center of mass with angular deceleration and the center of mass of the fish moves along an are. In stage 3, the moment approximately equals zero, the fish‘s body stops rotating and the center of mass the moves along a straight line.     

饥饿对银鲫血液组分和卵巢发育的影响

对银鲫 (Carassiusauratusgibelio)进行投喂、饥饿 (1～ 4周 )、饥饿投喂 (饥饿 2周再投喂 2周 )处理后 ,测定其血液组分和卵巢发育的指标。结果表明 :饥饿处理后银鲫血液中血糖、甘油三酯的含量显著降低 ;红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和胆固醇含量先显著降低 ,随后回升到投喂组水平 ;在饥饿过程中白细胞的数量、红细胞的长短径、红细胞沉降率和总蛋白均无明显变化。饥饿投喂处理的银鲫血液中红细胞数量、甘油三酯和胆固醇含量与投喂组无差异 ,但血糖含量仍显著低于投喂组 ,而白细胞数和血红蛋白含量显著高于投喂组。饥饿 4周延缓了银鲫卵巢发育 ,其性腺成熟系数和卵径均显著低于投喂组 ;饥饿投喂组的性腺成熟系数和卵径仍显著低于投喂组。分析说明饥饿阻碍了银鲫的卵巢发育 ,而饥饿对银鲫血液组分的影响在再投喂后得到恢复。     

正常与感染粘孢子虫鲫鱼主要组织可溶性蛋白质电泳比较

采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对正常和感染粘孢子虫的鲫鱼动脉球、肝脏、鳃、脑、肠、肌肉、眼、鳍8种组织可溶性蛋白质进行分析比较。结果表明：病鱼的动脉球、肝脏、鳃、脑、肠5种组织的蛋白质电泳谱带与正常鱼相比有较大变化,动脉球缺失1条谱带同时又诱导出1条新谱带;肝脏有9条谱带缺失;鳃有2条谱带缺失的同时诱导出3条新谱带;脑中新增3条谱带;肠中有5条谱带缺失同时产生3条新谱带。这些变化可作为辅助疾病诊断的生化指标,为从生化水平上揭示该病的致病机理及开展有效的早期防治研究奠定基础。     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育红鲤卵母细胞成熟的细胞学比较研究

对雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育红鲤的卵母细胞成熟过程,进行了详细的细胞学比较研究。在银鲫卵母细胞成熟过程中,绝大部分卵母细胞的核物质,在胚泡破裂(GVBD)后的第一次成熟分裂时期,出现明显的不同于红鲤卵母细胞核的行为,其染色体逐渐清晰地分为三群,这三群染色体的发育既彼此独立又相互联系,最终形成一首尾相接的三极纺锤体。随后,三极纺锤体扭转、重叠、合并成为一个正常的中期纺锤体。但极少数银鲫卵母细胞也出现了类似于红鲤卵母细胞的成熟单星光,并进而发育成两极纺锤体,形态类似红鲤第一次成熟分裂中期纺锤体。在银鲫上述两类卵母细胞的成熟过程中均未观察到“第一极体”外排的现象。由此,我们确认,银鲫卵是通过第一次成熟分裂异常,卵核染色体不减数来维持染色体倍性的;并且,根据上述特殊现象,我们对银鲫卵子第一次成熟分裂异常的机制进行了初步分析。       

Effects of salmon calcitonin and anti-salmon calcitonin antibody on plasma calcium concentrations in the goldfish,Carassius auratus

The role of calcitonin (CT) in plasma calcium regulation was studied by the administration of exogenous CT and anti-salmon(s) CT antibody using goldfish,Carasius auratus, loaded or otherwise with calcium. CT elicited a decrease in plasma calcium concentrations at a dose of 10 ng/g body weight 1 h after administration. However, no effects were observed following doses of 30 ng and 50 ng/g 1 h, nor for the three doses 3 h after administration. In calcium-loaded fish, the effect of CT was different depending on the dosage of CT. Ten ng and 50 ng/g induced a decrease and an increase in plasma calcium concentrations, respectively, 3 h after administration. Anti-sCT antibody (0.02 μg or 0.1 μg/g) did not affect plasma calcium concentrations. In calcium-loaded fish, neither dose of anti-sCT antibody changed plasma calcium concentrations 1 h after administration. However, following a dose of 0.1 μg/g, plasma calcium concentrations decreased after 3 h. A positive correlation between plasma calcium concentrations and the gonad somatic index (GSI) in females was no longer apparent after administration of anti-sCT antibody. There was no relationship between plasma calcium concentrations and GSI in control and anti-sCT antibody-treated males. These results suggested that CT regulates plasma calcium concentrations in different ways depending on the dosage with CT having a role in calcium physiology during vitellogenesis.