不同饵料对稀有鲫生长和繁殖的影响

饵料对鱼类生长发育和繁殖具有重要影响。为了筛选稀有鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)幼鱼和成鱼阶段最适投喂方式, 实验将出膜5周末(日龄为35 day after hatching)的幼鱼随机分为5个组: A组投喂丰年虫; B组每周前6d (days)投喂丰年虫, 后1d投喂商业化微颗粒S3饲料; C组每周前3.5d投喂丰年虫, 后3.5d投喂饲料; D组每周前1d投喂丰年虫, 后6d投喂饲料; E组一直投喂饲料; 各组均采用饱食投喂策略。每2周统计生长、存活指标, 直至第21周(147 dah), 在17周(119 dah)取材用于观察性腺发育程度。在产卵后统计各组产卵量、孵化率和子代畸形率。结果显示: (1)E组存活率和特定生长率显著低于其他组(P<0.05); (2)从产卵量、孵化率和子代畸形率上看, B组产卵量显著高于其他组(P<0.05); (3)从性腺组织学上看, 不同投喂方法对精巢的成熟度无显著影响, 但投喂过丰年虫的稀有鲫卵巢发育成熟度显著优于E组。研究结果提示:适量加入丰年虫比单一投喂活饵或饲料更有利于稀有鲫的生长和繁殖。建议在标准化养殖过程中, 幼鱼和成鱼期的稀有鲫采取丰年虫与饲料投喂频次比值为6﹕1的方式最佳。     

投喂策略对黄颡鱼生长和繁殖的影响

实验设置饱食投喂(AS)、80%饱食(80AS)、50%饱食(50AS)及先饥饿34d后再饱食投喂31d (HAS)四个处理组,饲养初重(86.6±0.41) g的雌性黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 65d,于实验中期(34d)和实验结束时取样,以探究投喂策略对黄颡鱼母本生长性能和繁殖能力的影响。实验结果显示:80AS组、50AS组和HAS组的总摄食量基本符合实验设计的比例且显著低于AS组。在实验结束时, 80AS组的增重率和体重与AS组无显著差异, HAS组体重显著低于AS组并与80AS组无显著差异,生长未能达到同期饱食水平。各组在实验结束时的肌肉粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均随投喂水平降低而降低,性腺粗脂肪和粗蛋白则无显著差异,据此可以推测母本将营养优先供给性腺而非肌肉。实验末期AS组和80AS组卵直径无显著差异,均显著高于50AS组并低于HAS组,表明饥饿后恢复摄食对卵的发育有补偿效应。实验结束时各处理组的绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力未受到投喂策略的显著影响。80AS、50AS及HAS组的star、sf-1、3β-hsd和cyp19a1基因表达由中期的显著低于AS组上调...     

饥饿和再投喂对鲇血液生理生化指标的影响

在室内可控条件下,对鲇（Silurus asotusLinnaeus）进行7d、14d和21d的饥饿处理,随后各组恢复投喂20d,研究饥饿和再投喂对鲇血液生理生化指标的影响。结果显示：饥饿过程中,鲇血液红细胞数和血红蛋白14d内上升,血红蛋白上升显著（p〈0.05）,21d后两项生理指标开始下降;饥饿7d后血糖浓度显著下降（p〈0.05）,饥饿14d和21d后趋于相对稳定;总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白均呈下降趋势,分别在饥饿的14d、7d和21d后与饥饿前达到显著性差异（p〈0.05）;甘油三酯和总胆固醇分别在饥饿7d和21d后显著下降（p〈0.05）;饥饿14d后Na＋和Cl-浓度显著下降（p〈0.05）,21d后Na＋浓度却又显著上升（p〈0.05）,Cl-浓度有所回升;Ca2＋浓度在饥饿过程中逐渐下降,且差异显著（p〈0.05）。饥饿对K＋浓度和碱性磷酸酶活力没有明显影响。恢复投喂20d后,测定的血液指标均有不同程度的恢复。采用二元三次方程（CUB类型）就各项生理生化指标对饥饿时间（d）进行的回归分析表明,Ca2＋与饥饿时间的决定系数（R2）最大,为0.964,因此将鲇血液的Ca2＋浓度作为其饥饿的评价指标则相对可信。     

摄食不同淀粉含量饲料对军曹鱼血清生化指标的影响

实验旨在研究经过10周投喂不同淀粉含量的饲料的养殖实验后, 禁食1d后再投喂对170 g军曹鱼血清生化指标的影响. 饲料以鱼粉为蛋白源, 鱼油、豆油、大豆卵磷脂为脂肪源, 分别添加0%(对照组)、6%、12%、18%、24%和30%的小麦淀粉(以微晶纤维素调平), 养殖实验期间每天饱食投喂2次. 结果表明, 饥饿再投喂饲料后各处理组军曹鱼血糖含量均在(0-5)h升高, 在5h时达到峰值, 并显著高于其他时间组, 摄食5h后开始下降, 7h时基本恢复到投喂前水平; 血清总蛋白含量在不同处理组以及同一处理组的不同时间点上均没有显著差异; 血清中甘油三酯含量在(0-5)h显著升高, 5h后其含量开始下降, 7h时基本恢复到投喂前水平. 其中0%、6%和12%组, 摄食5h后其甘油三酯含量显著高于摄食前与摄食后7h和24h, 而在18%、24%和30%组中, 其含量无显著差异; 0%淀粉组血清中胆固醇含量在(0-2)h显著升高, 2h时达到峰值, 在(2-7)h呈下降趋势, 之后趋于平稳. 其他处理组都是在(0-5)h升高, 5h后开始下降, 在7h时基本恢复到投喂前水平. 18%-30%组, 摄食后5h血清中胆固醇含量显著高于摄食前与摄食后24h. 军曹鱼血清中低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇在(0-5)h显著升高, 摄食5h后其含量开始下降, 7h时基本恢复到投喂前水平, 但各组不同时间点间均无显著性差异. 而血清中高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇含量除在24%添加组中, 摄食后5h显著高于摄食前(0h)及投喂结束后24h处理组, 其他处理之间无显著差异. 综上所述: 170 g军曹鱼禁食再摄入不同含量的小麦淀粉后其血清中血糖含量先升高后降低, 随着饲料中糖添加量的增加, 其峰值先增加, 后趋于平稳. 军曹鱼血清甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量会升高, 对其血清中低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇及高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇影响不显著.       

饥饿及再投喂对日本囊对虾糖代谢的影响

研究了日本囊对虾在饥饿和再投喂下血糖、肝胰脏糖原和肌糖原含量的变化.结果表明：在饥饿状态下,日本囊对虾肝胰脏糖原含量和血糖浓度在饥饿开始时迅速下降,肌糖原含量在饥饿10 d时下降到最低值,在饥饿10~15 d时通过糖原异生作用又恢复至最初水平,但随着饥饿时间的延长,糖原含量持续下降.恢复投喂后,肝胰脏糖原含量和肌糖原含量均能得到较好恢复,饥饿10 d和 15 d组的血糖浓度在恢复投喂10 d后显著高于对照组,但饥饿25 d组的血糖浓度始终显著低于对照.表明饥饿时间过长,对血糖浓度的恢复有较大影响     

饲料蛋白水平对异育银鲫雌性性腺发育的影响

采用鱼粉、玉米淀粉、羧甲基纤维素、菜油、Ca（H2PO4）2和维生素矿物质复合预混料等配制蛋白含量分别为0％、16％、24％、32％和40％的5种等能饲料,并设置一饥饿组,研究了饲料蛋白水平对异育银鲫雌性性腺发育的影响。试验鱼为同一批亲鱼繁殖的当年鱼种,平均体重（30．0&#177;5．0）g。试验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,每天照明12h（8：00—20：00）,每组各设4个重复,总共进行20周的人工养殖试验。每月中旬取样检测血清卵黄蛋白原磷含量和性腺系数,试验结束时分析肌肉和性腺的生化组成,测量繁殖力和成熟卵的卵径。试验结果表明：从11月到翌年2月,除饥饿组血清卵黄蛋白原磷含量一直降低外,其余各组随饲料蛋白水平的升高而升高;到3月份,随着性腺发育成熟,各组的血清卵黄蛋白原磷含量都急剧降低。从11月份到1月份,饲料蛋白水平对性腺系数的影响不明显;2月份和3月份,饲料蛋白水平对性腺系数产生了显著影响,性腺系数随饲料蛋白水平的升高而增大。肌肉、性腺的蛋白质和脂肪含量随饲料蛋白水平的升高而升高,水分含量随饲料蛋白水平的升高而降低。饥饿组和0％组的繁殖力显著低于其他各组,16％、24％和32％组之间无显著差异,40％组显著高于其他各组。饥饿组的卵径显著低于其他各组,饲料蛋白水平为0％-32％的各组之间无显著差异,40％组的卵径最大,显著高于饥饿组和0％组。     

循环饥饿投喂对大鼠消化道嗜银细胞 形态及分布的影响

为了研究循环饥饿投喂对大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)消化道内嗜银细胞的分布密度及形态功能的影响,本实验采用Grimelius银染法观察和测定循环饥饿投喂(饥饿1 d,投喂1 d,周期为14 d)期间大鼠消化道嗜银细胞形态功能及密度分布。结果表明,实验组(即循环饥饿投喂组)和对照组(正常喂食组)大鼠消化道嗜银细胞除食管外均有分布,形态上对照组嗜银细胞以椭圆形和锥体形为主,实验组嗜银细胞则主要以锥体形为主;两组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞的分布密度高峰都位于胃,密度低谷对照组位于空肠、盲肠、回肠和直肠,实验组位于空肠到直肠各段;实验组大鼠消化道嗜银细胞分布密度在贲门和幽门部极显著低于对照组(P 0.01),结肠显著低于对照组(P 0.05),说明循环饥饿投喂会明显改变消化道嗜银细胞的形态并降低细胞数量,这可能与内分泌细胞的功能改变有关。     

低温下饥饿胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响

研究了在低温(13℃)下饥饿胁迫对9月龄大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响。将400尾大黄鱼随机分成两组,一组为实验组,不投喂饲料;另一组为对照组,定时投喂饲料。实验开始30 d后,测定大黄鱼11种血清生化指标。结果显示,实验组大黄鱼血清的尿酸(UA)、尿素(UREA)、总胆固醇(TC)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),甘油三酯(TG)、钙离子(Ca2+)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);而白蛋白(ALB)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01);血糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、镁离子(Mg2+)含量在实验组与对照组之间则无显著性差异。实验组血清中的蛋白质代谢产物和脂类物质明显高于对照组,但是血糖和总蛋白含量没有显著差异。     

额尔齐斯河银鲫繁殖生物学研究

2013年4—10月在额尔齐斯河中国段下游采集了546尾银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)样本, 依据传统生物学和组织学方法, 对额尔齐斯河银鲫的繁殖生物学特性进行了分析和研究。统计表明, 额尔齐斯河银鲫的性比(雌/雄)为10.84﹕1。根据卵母细胞和精细胞发育及比例情况, 将银鲫卵巢和精巢发育分别划分为6期。依据不同性腺发育期比例、性体指数和卵径频率分布, 推测银鲫为同步产卵鱼类, 繁殖期为5—7月, 6月为高峰期。采用Logistic回归方程获得其初次性成熟体长(SL₅₀)和年龄(A₅₀)分别为: 雌鱼161 mm和2.3龄; 雄鱼135 mm和1.9龄。绝对繁殖力为(42453±28205)粒, 相对繁殖力为(98.19±34.6)粒/g。绝对繁殖力与体长线性相关性较低, 与体重呈幂指数相关, 但与年龄及卵巢重的相关性不显著。研究进一步丰富了额尔齐斯河银鲫生物学研究资料, 为其资源养护和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

饥饿对珠颈斑鸠组织糖元、抗氧化酶活性及血液相应指标的影响

饥饿处理珠颈斑鸠1 d、2 d和3 d,分别测定肌肉、肝脏中糖元含量和肝脏抗氧化酶活性及血清中葡萄糖和甘油三酯含量.结果 显示,饥饿处理后珠颈斑鸠体重及肝体比显著下降,肌肉、肝脏中糖元含量下降,饥饿第3 d肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,而丙二醛含量升高,血液中血糖和甘油三酯含量显著下降.     

Effects of starvation and refeeding on elastase-induced emphysema

Adult rats received pancreatic elastase (75 U/100 g) intratracheally and were divided into three groups: fed, starved, and refed. Starved rats received one-third of their measured daily food consumption until they lost 40% body weight. The refed group was fed after 40% weight loss. A control group received saline intratracheally. Saline volume-pressure curve was shifted more significantly to the left of the control group in starved than in fed rats and was superimposed in refed and fed groups. Mean linear intercept was larger and alveolar surface area was smaller in starved than in fed rats compared with the control group; both were similar in fed and refed rats. Protein and hydroxyproline content of the lung were higher in fed than in control and in starved groups; after refeeding these returned to the control values. We conclude that starvation aggravates elastase-induced injury and that refeeding results in the complete recovery of the mechanical but only partial recovery of the morphometric changes induced by starvation.     

The effects of starvation and refeeding on egg laying and the synthetic activity of the albumen gland in Bulinus truncatus, a snail vector of urinary schistosomiasis

1. The effects of starvation (for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, respectively) and refeeding (12 days starvation and 1, 2 and 3 days refeeding, respectively) on egg laying and albumen gland activity in the freshwater snail, Bulinus truncatus were studied. 2. The egg laying of starving snails rapidly decreased and ceased by day 6 of starvation. Egg laying was restored 24 hr after refeeding. The recorded decrease in albumen gland wet weight was proportional to the starvation periods. The DNA contents of the glands of the different experimental groups was not statistically different from the controls. 3. Albumen gland synthetic activity expressed as 14C-glucose incorporation into galactogen/microgram DNA and 3H-amino acids into total protein was determined. The glands showed an abrupt decrease in synthetic activity after 1 day of starvation and gradually decreased further until days 9-12. The decrease in activity of the glands was more rapid than that of egg laying. Upon refeeding, the activity of the glands recovered rapidly, simultaneous with the increase in wet weight and egg laying. 4. In conclusion, there is a correlation between egg laying and the in vitro activity of albumen glands. The results show a short-term effect of starvation on the fecundity of the snails. Such studies could be useful in field studies as well as snail control by applying molluscicides under optimal conditions.     

The effect of starvation and refeeding on lipogenic enzymes in mammary glands and livers of lactating rats.

Lactating rats were starved for 48 h and refed a high-carbohydrate diet for a further 48 h. Starvation stops milk secretion, which resumes shortly after refeeding. Three lipogenic enzymes, fatty acid synthase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 'malic' enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) all decrease in the mammary gland during starvation and are restored to the pre-starvation levels 48 h after refeeding. The same enzymes in liver also decrease during starvation, but increase to values significantly higher than those for the normal fed rats after refeeding the high-carbohydrate diet. For the fatty acid synthase these values were four times the pre-starvation values. Serum insulin and prolactin concentrations also increased upon refeeding the high-carbohydrate diet.     

Effect of starvation and refeeding on digestive enzyme activities in juvenile roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus

We evaluated the effects of starvation and refeeding on digestive enzyme activities in juvenile roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus. Fish were divided into four feeding groups (mean mass 1.68 ± 0.12 g). The control group was fed to satiation twice a day throughout the experiment with formulated diet (SFK). The other three groups were deprived of feed for 1(S1), 2(S2), and 3(S3) weeks, respectively, and then fed to satiation during the refeeding period. The results showed that trypsin specific activity was not affected significantly either by starvation or refeeding, in all experimental groups. Chymotrypsin specific activity did not change significantly in S1 fish during the experimental period. In S2 and S3 fish no significant changes were observed during the starvation period. Upon refeeding, the activity increased in S2 fish, while it decreased in S3 fish. Amylase specific activity decreased significantly during the starvation period in all experimental groups. Upon refeeding, the activity increased. Alkaline phosphatase specific activity did not change significantly during the experiment period in S3 fish, while it showed significant changes during the starvation and refeeding period in the S1 and S2 fish. Starvation also had a significant effect on the structure of the intestine.     

鱼类饥饿处理量化及处理因子贡献率的神经网络随机化测试

设一直投喂(SR00)、周期性饥饿2 d再投喂2 d (SR22)、饥饿7 d再投喂2 d (SR72)和饥饿7 d再投喂7 d (SR77) 4种投喂方式,将投喂方式量化为饥饿压力(SS)和循环率(CF)因子,并结合8周实验的干物质摄食量(FI)、鱼体重(BW)、温度(TE)、盐度(SA)、pH (PH)和生长时间(GT)因子,分别对花鲈增重(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)和干物质饲料转换率(FCR)构建神经网络并对其进行预测.结果表明,不同处理对WG、SGR和FCR的影响均存在显著差异(P<0.05).饥饿处理组的WG和SGR均不能达到一直投喂组水平,除SR72处理组FCR显著高于对照处理外(P<0.05),SR22和SR77组与SR00组均无显著差异(P>0.05).人工神经网络对SGR和WG具有极佳的预测效果,但对FCR无效.8个分析因子中,FI、SS、CF和GT对WG、SGR有显著贡献,且WG的大小主要取决于FI,而SGR主要取决于SS.随机化测试显示,实验处理因子(包括相关的FI因子)对WG和SGR的贡献率分别为64.9%和79.7%.     

The effect of feed cycling and ration level on the compensatory growth response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus my kiss

Compensatory growth is the phase of rapid growth, greater than normal or control growth, which occurs upon adequate refeeding following a period of undernutrition. The effect of feed cycling periods (periods of starvation followed by periods of refeeding), ration level and repetitive feed cycles on the compensatory growth response in rainbow trout were evaluated in two experiments. A feeding cycle of 3 weeks starvation and 3 weeks feeding produced better results in terms of average percentage changes in weight and length, and in specific growth rate, than either 1 week and 1 week or 2 weeks and 2 weeks feed cycles. The fish on the 3 weeks starvation and 3 weeks feeding cycle did as well as, if not better than, the constantly fed controls over one or two complete cycles, though the controls were fed more than twice the amount of feed. Three ration levels were compared using a 3-week starvation and 3-week feeding period. The only effect of increasing ration level was to decrease conversion efficiency, indicating overfeeding. Carcass analysis of moisture, fat, protein and ash showed no significant differences between the controls and an experimental group on a 3 weeks starvation, 3 weeks feeding cycle after one complete cycle. Possible mechanisms underlying the compensatory growth response are discussed.     

Effect of realimentation after several days' isolated glucose or fructose intake on DNA synthesis in rat liver.

Marked stimulation of liver DNA synthesis was observed in rats given an isolated glucose or fructose diet for 4 days and theen refed one day on diets with different protein contents. The strongest stimulatn effect was found in rats refed, after an isolated glucose intake, with a high protein diet (81 cal%). The stimulant effect of refeeding on liver DNA synthesis was far less pronounced in rats subjected to several days' starvation before realimentation than in rats given a carbohydrate diet. The stimulant effect of realimentation after an isolated glucose intake was distinctly enhanced if triiodothyronine (50 microgram/100 g b.w., i.g.) was administered just before the change to a high protein diet. The increase in liver DNA synthesis in rats fed three days on fructose before undergoing partial hepatectomy was the same as in the controls. In rats given glucose prior to partial hepatectomy, the post-operative increase in DNA synthesis was partly inhibited.     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫耐饥力及饥饿对其生长发育和繁殖的影响

本文旨在明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)幼虫耐饥力及饥饿处理对其生长发育、繁殖力的影响.选取初孵幼虫(幼虫孵化1 h内)、2、4、6、8和10日龄的幼虫进行饥饿处理,测定存活率和存活时间分析其耐饥力;进一步选取8日龄幼虫分别饥饿1、2、3和4d后再复食,分别统计和分析饥饿胁...     

Compensatory growth in sub‐yearling Siberian sturgeon,Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869: Effects of starvation and refeeding on growth,feed utilization and body composition

The capacity of sub‐yearling Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869) (19.7 ± 0.8 g) to show compensatory growth was assessed for a 40‐day period for the effects of short‐term starvation and refeeding on growth, feeding performance and body composition. After acclimation, 25 experimental fish were randomly distributed among twelve 500‐L cylindrical fiberglass tanks with a flow‐through system. The fish were subjected to four different feeding regimes: control, which was fed four times daily to apparent satiation; T₁: four periods of 2 days starvation alternating with 8 days re‐feeding; T₂: two periods of 4 days starvation alternating with 16 days refeeding; T₃: an 8 days starvation period followed by 32 days refeeding. At the end of the experiment, the deprived fish attained body weights comparable to those attained by the control fish. There were no differences in growth and feeding performances between the deprived and the control fish. Total protein and lipid contents of the control fish were significantly higher than that of T₁ and T₂ fish at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). A significant difference in the energy content was observed between T₂ and the control. Siberian sturgeon exhibited complete compensation, indicating a high ability of the deprived fish to grow sufficiently to fully compensate for weight loss during starvation. The results suggested that the feeding schedule involving starvation–refeeding cycles could be a promising feed management option for the culture of this species.     

The effects of starvation and refeeding on intestinal cell proliferation in the mouse

The effects of starvation and refeeding on intestinal cell proliferation were studied in four sites of the mouse intestine. Control mice were studied at different times of day in order to compensate for any circadian variations in proliferation. A circadian rhythm in crypt cell production rate was observed in all the sites of the small intestine and colon, and this rhythm appeared to be entrained to the food intake. The fractional crypt cell production rate decreased in all sites of the intestine after 24 h starvation, and remained low until 9 h after refeeding, when there was a marked increase in the crypt cell production rate of all the small intestinal sites, especially the proximal sites. There was little change in colonic crypt cell production rate until 12 h after refeeding, when there was a large increase in cell production. The crypt cell production rate of all sites then returned to control values for the remainder of the investigation. Crypt cell number decreased after refeeding and villus cell number increased, however a similar effect was observed in the control animals, nevertheless the changes in villus cell population of the refed mice occurred before any increase in crypt cell production, suggesting that cell migration from crypt to villi is not immediately dependent on cell proliferation.