Multi-species response to rapid environmental change in a large estuary system: A biochronological approach

The sensitivity of species to environmental change is dependent on their ecological requirements (i.e. specialist v. generalist), and hence likely to be species-specific. Identifying species level variation in environmental sensitivity informs assessments of community vulnerability and assists in developing adaptive management strategies. We investigated species-specific sensitivity in fish to understand the vulnerability of differing life histories and ecological requirements to rapid environmental alteration (i.e. drought). Biochronologies of fish growth, based on increment widths in otoliths, were analysed using a mixed modelling approach. We assessed multi-decadal responses in fish growth to environmental variation in the terminal system of Australia’s largest river, for three long-lived fish species with differing life histories and ecological requirements: a freshwater specialist and two estuarine generalists. Biochronologies were between 20 and 38 years long, spanned a decade of severe drought and showed considerable inter-annual variation in growth. Precipitation influenced the growth of the obligate freshwater specialist, Macquaria ambigua ambigua. Temperature and salinity influenced the growth of the two estuarine generalists: Argyrosomus japonicus (estuarine opportunist) and Acanthopagrus butcheri (estuarine dependent), respectively. These results suggest that generalisations about how species respond to environmental change may mask species-specific responses to dependent on the constraints of their ecological requirements (i.e. specialist v. generalist). These findings also highlight the importance of considering the diversity of life history strategies that inhabit an ecosystem when developing conservation and management strategies.     

Diet and dentition in tropical ariid catfishes from Australia

Synopsis The diets of 13 species of ariid catfishes from the tropical waters of the Gulf of Carpentaria are described and compared. Fishes were collected from two estuaries and inshore and offshore marine areas. Up to 10 species have been recorded from a single estuary. Although all are carnivorous and consume a variety of prey, diet analyses and statistical ordination reveal three feeding guilds - piscivores, polychaete-eaters and molluscivores. The diets of most species are similar between sites. There are strong relationships between dietary guild and the size and arrangement of the palatine teeth. The piscivorous group of catfish (guild 1) have large mouths with relatively large multiple palatine tooth plates, either in a band or in a triangular pattern and armed with sharp recurved teeth. The primarily polychaete-feeding group (guild 2) have a variable mouth size but it is usually smaller than that of guild 1 fish; their palatine teeth plates are fewer and smaller, and they have small, sharp recurved teeth. Guild 3 eat mainly molluscs, and have a small mouth and large posteriorly situated palatine plates with globular, truncated teeth. Overlaps in diet between species are probably reduced by differential distribution patterns within estuaries and different habitat preferences. The mouth-width and tooth-plate arrangements of ariids in tropical Australia are suitable for dealing with broad classes of prey rather than specific items, conferring dietary flexibility. This probably optimizes the trade-off for most species between occupation of broad feeding niches and the ability to shift diet easily.     

Metal exchanges in the fauna-sediment system. The case of Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana in the Bou Regreg estuary (Morocco)

This study identifies the types and quantities of metals retained by Nereis diversicolor and Scrobicularia plana in a predominantly arid estuary environment.Certain abiotic parameters and a number of physiological processes linked to metabolic and reproductive functions play a decisive role in the seasonal influence of metal levels on the tissues of these organisms.Given the deposivoric diet of the organisms, the sedimentary bed would appear to be the principal source of metal accumulation.The following classification illustrates the bioaccumulation of metals: 209-1The possibility that these metals may be carried into the estuary by sewage water from the cities of Rabat and Sále should certainly not be ignored.     

闽江河口湿地不同植被带土壤全硅的含量及分布特征

硅是湿地系统元素循环所关注的重要内容之一,土壤全硅的分布特征与湿地土壤-植物系统活跃程度密切相关。于2016年1-12月,以闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地为研究对象,通过野外原位采样及室内实验分析,对短叶茳芏、短叶茳芏与互花米草交错带、互花米草3种植物类型湿地的土壤全硅含量和储量的变化特征进行观测。结果表明：短叶茳芏、短叶茳芏与互花米草交错带、互花米草湿地土壤全硅的年平均含量依次为197.67、201.21、210.33 mg/g,表现为由陆向海方向逐渐增加的趋势;季节上均呈现秋冬高于春夏的趋势;土壤全硅含量和储量均表现为上部土层（0-30cm）高于下部土层（30-60cm）。经统计分析发现,湿地土壤全硅含量与有机质显著负相关（P < 0.05）,与含水率和pH有极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。除短叶茳芏湿地外,其余2种湿地土壤全硅含量与有效硅含量显著负相关（P < 0.05）。研究闽江河口湿地不同植被带土壤全硅含量和储量及其分布特征,旨在揭示湿地土壤全硅水平在不同类型湿地植被生长影响下的变化过程,为本研究区的硅素研究补充关键数据。     

珠江口城市段近岸表层水体浮游细菌分离方法比较

为了更好地分离珠江口未/难培养的浮游细菌,本研究以珠江河口三个样点的水体为研究对象,同时采用了纯培养和免培养的方法,对不同培养基的分离效果进行了探索。在纯培养实验中,本研究选择了7种不同的分离培养基,共分离获得153株菌;同时,将扩增子分析结果作为分离效果的参考,所有环境样品中共包含3 553个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units,OTUs）。对三个样点微生物类群的多样性进行比较,纯培养结果显示珠江口下游珠海样点多样性最高,其次为中大和虎门样点;免培养则显示虎门样点多样性最高;对比7种不同的分离培养基,Z7（R₂A）培养基的分离效果最好,分离菌株数和分离类群的α多样性最高,Z1（改良ISP 2）次之;主坐标分析结合韦恩图的结果表明相比其余的培养基,Z1和Z7培养基分离获得的菌群兼具普遍性和特异性,进一步证明了这两种培养基的分离效果较佳;冗余分析结果表明K₂HPO₄、酵母粉、可溶性淀粉、MgSO₄·7H₂O、麦芽膏和葡萄糖与特定类群的分离有相关关系,其中K₂HPO₄的影响最为显著（P<0.05）。本文通过7种不同培养基对河口微生物分离效果的探究,有助于我们在研究未知微生物的营养特性时,选择成分和组成更合理的培养基来提升河口微生物纯培养的分离效率。     

Length–weight relationships of seven fish species in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters,Eastern China

The length–weight relationships (LWRs) for seven fish species belonging to five families in the Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent waters are presented. Cynoglossus gracilis, Cynoglossus macrolepidotus, Ctenotrypauchen chinensis, Collichthys niveatus, Ophichthus apicalis and Erisphex potti were collected monthly in 2009 using trammel nets (the size of smaller mesh net was 1.5 m × 15 m × 4 panels with mesh sizes of 2.5, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.8 cm; the size of larger-mesh net was 2.4 m × 30 m × 4 panels with mesh sizes of 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 cm; soaking overnight). Lophiogobius ocellicauda were collected December in 2020 using shrimp trawl nets (mesh size 2.0 cm). The precision of measurement for the fish specimens is 0.1 cm total length and 0.1 g total weight. The estimated ranges of the parameters a and b for the seven fish species were from 0.0001 to 0.0289 and 2.718 to 3.541, respectively. Two new maximum total length were recorded for Ctenotrypauchen chinensis and Ophichthus apicalis.     

长江口外低氧区及其邻近海域表层沉积物反硝化微生物多样性和分布特征

【目的】微生物参与的反硝化是河口区氮损失的主要途径。【方法】本研究采用Illumina MiSeq测序方法,研究了长江口外低氧区及其邻近海域表层沉积物中nirS型和nirK型反硝化微生物群落的多样性和分布特征。【结果】样品共检测到346个nirS Operational Taxonomic Units和267个nirK Operational TaxonomicUnits,根据采样地的环境特征及nirS型和nirK型反硝化微生物群落聚类分析结果将所有OperationalTaxonomicUnits划分为低氧区、南部区域及外部深水区,其中外部深水区的样品nirS功能基因的多样性最高。各实验样地优势Operational Taxonomic Units在系统进化关系上可分为多个不同的簇。此次发现的所有优势OperationalTaxonomicUnits均属于未被培养的菌群,其中部分Operational Taxonomic Units还是首次被发现。此外还发现nirS功能基因对低氧区的环境适应性更好。【结论】我们的研究结果表明广泛存在的反硝化微生物在河口沉积物的氮循环中发挥重要作用。     

椒江口海域春秋季虾类资源分布与环境的关系

利用2010年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)椒江口海域渔业资源调查资料,分析了椒江口虾类资源密度的分布,优势种和水团、水深等环境因子对虾类数量和分布的影响.结果表明:椒江口海域春季和秋季虾类平均重量密度分别为7.89和86.20 kg·km-2,尾数密度均值分别为11.04×103和34.41×103 ind·km-2;虾类密度平面分布特征,在春季,调查海域虾类密度西部高于东部,高密度区出现在椒江河口沿岸区域,尤其是受椒江径流影响明显的北部沿海海域;在秋季,东部明显高于西部,尤其是大陈岛东南部受台湾暖流和浙江上升流影响的海域.逐步回归分析表明:椒江口表层温度与虾类重量密度和尾数密度均呈显著的相关关系(Pw =0.004,PN=0.01),但水深与资源密度相关关系不显著;春季,中国毛虾(Acetes chinensis)对虾类尾数密度贡献率最大,对重量密度贡献率也较大,为春季最重要的优势种;秋季,中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis)对尾数和重量密度贡献率均最大,为秋季最重要的优势种.     

基于GIS的长江口海域生态系统脆弱性综合评价

气候变化、富营养化、生境破碎等是全球普遍面临的生态问题,科学评估生态系统外部压力及其弹性力,对生态系统管理和生态修复具有重要的指导意义。使用空间主成分分析(SPCA)和层次分析法(AHP)构建评价指标体系,结合地理信息系统软件,对长江口海域生态环境脆弱性进行综合评价,并根据生态环境脆弱性指数(EVI)值,将研究区生态环境脆弱性分为5级:微度脆弱(0.5)、轻度脆弱(0.5—0.8)、中度脆弱(0.8—1.0)、重度脆弱(1.0—1.2)、极度脆弱(1.2—1.5)。结果表明:空间尺度上,长江口口门内生态环境脆弱度最高,生态环境脆弱度从口门内向口门外呈显著的降低趋势,近五年,口门内极度脆弱区空间分布南移;评估区域内,约2000 km~2的极度脆弱区发生了转变,极度脆弱区、重度脆弱区面积占比分别下降了7%和5%,长江口海域生态环境脆弱性明显好转。总体上,近年来大量陆源污染物输入以及生态系统结构变化,是导致长江口生态环境脆弱度较高的重要因素。     

2017—2020年珠江口棘头梅童鱼的种群特征

为了掌握珠江口重要经济鱼类棘头梅童鱼的种群特征,根据2017—2020年春(3—4月)、秋(9—10月)两季在珠江口海域开展的底拖网调查及采集到的棘头梅童鱼样本,对其生物学特征和资源密度分布特征进行了初步分析。结果表明: 珠江口棘头梅童鱼体长、体重变化范围分别为22～168 mm、0.23～103.11 g,其中雌性个体的体长、体重均大于雄性个体,未见明显的小型化现象;性成熟体长集中在90～140 mm,未见性成熟提早现象。总体长体重关系式中的异速生长因子b值为2.9057,且年际变化小,而条件因子a值(3.029×10^-5)小于1988年该海域的调查结果,说明珠江口棘头梅童鱼整体生长发育良好,但栖息地环境质量(饵料供应、生长环境)下降。研究海域梅童鱼的开发率E为0.67,处于过度捕捞状态;梅童鱼资源密度平均值为77.73 kg·km^-2, 中西侧资源密度大于东侧,在纬度方向上总体分布均匀;根据4个资源密度高值区初步推测其产卵场在南沙港附近。2017—2020年的年平均资源密度比1980—1982年下降了93.5%,为持续利用该资源,建议条件成熟时可于春季在产卵场设立保护区,以保护补充群体与产卵群体。