江西省发现泰坦尼亚彩蝠

2013年7月和8月,在江西井冈山国家级自然保护区石溪村(26°37.143′N,114°10.875′E,海拔777 m)和朱砂冲林场(26°33.703'N,114°11.232'E,海拔805 m)使用竖琴网分别采集到7号(6雄1雌)和5号(全雌)森林性蝙蝠标本。上述蝙蝠标本体型较小,前臂长30.16~33.85 mm,颅全长13.90~14.76 mm;无鼻叶,耳廓呈漏斗状,耳屏略呈披针形;脑颅骨略显扁平,齿式为2.1.3.3/3.1.3.3=38;核型中染色体数(2n)为32,常染色体臂数(FN)为52。经鉴定均为泰坦尼亚彩蝠(Kerivoula titania),是江西省翼手目分布新纪录,同时也为中国大陆地区(除海南和台湾)翼手目分布新纪录。本文给出了泰坦尼亚彩蝠的外形和头骨特征及其相关测量数据,并对江西产该种蝙蝠雌雄性标本间的形态数据以及江西产标本与东南亚产该种标本测量数据分别进行t检验,该种性二型分化不明显,但江西和东南亚两地区种群在形态上出现了一定的分化;同时对其染色体核型、生态及保护地位进行了分析和讨论。标本现保存于广州大学生命科学学院。     

Environmental conditions, rather than season, determine torpor use and temperature selection in large mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis)

We tested whether food availability, thermal environment and time of year affect torpor use and temperature selection in the large mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis) in summer and winter. Food-deprived bats were torpid longer than bats offered food ad libitum. Bats placed in a gradient of low (0 degrees C-25 degrees C) ambient temperatures (T(a)) spent more time in torpor than bats in a gradient of high (7 degrees C-43 degrees C) T(a)'s. However, we did not observe seasonal variations in the use of torpor. Moreover, even when food deprived in winter, bats never entered prolonged torpor at T(a)'s characteristic of their natural hibernation. Instead, bats preferred shallow torpor at relatively high T(a), but they always maintained a difference between body and ambient temperatures of less than 2 degrees C. Calculations based on respirometric measurements of metabolic rate showed that food deprived bats spent less energy per unit of time in torpor than fed individuals, even when they entered torpor at higher T(a)'s. We conclude that T(a) likely serves as a signal of food availability and daily torpor is apparently an adaptation to unpredictable changes in food availability, such as its decrease in summer or its increase in winter. Thus, we interpret hibernation to be a second step in the evolution of heterothermy in bats, which allows survival in seasonal environments.     

蝙蝠传染病白鼻综合症研究进展

于2006年爆发的蝙蝠传染病白鼻综合症(WNS)使大量的蝙蝠物种面临死亡威胁。研究发现,蝙蝠白鼻综合症是由好寒性真菌锈腐假裸囊子菌(Pseudogymnoascus destructans)引起,通过侵染皮肤表面而使冬眠期蝙蝠表现出一系列异常行为,导致其储存的能量和脂肪提早耗尽,最终死亡。本文对白鼻综合症发病症状、传播规律、致病机理和免疫遗传反应等研究进行了论述,并进一步提出了研究展望。     

中国翼手目区系的研究及与日本翼手目区系的比较

翼手类是哺乳动物中唯一能够占领空间领域,真正飞行的一目。在现生哺乳纲中,为其种数仅次于啮齿类的一个大目,这无论就全世界来说,或者就中国来说,都是如此。以往中国对翼手目的报道,均散见于各区系报告中,缺乏专门系统研究,这同此类群之繁多是很不相称的,本文仅在材料很不充分的情况下,作初步概括性讨论。     

入宅蝙蝠的驱赶策略研究

除两极外,蝙蝠在世界各地广泛分布。随着人类活动范围不断扩大,与其接触的风险随之加大,例如蝙蝠飞入人类住宅现象时有发生,但目前缺少对此冲突解决方案的研究。本研究于2021年5至7月在吉林省长春市四家乡采集东方蝙蝠（Vespertilio sinensis）样本,随后将样本放入废弃住宅,将人为驱赶、灯光、噪音3种干扰因素自由组合,设置8种干扰模式,分别为无干扰、仅灯光干扰、灯光加人为驱赶、仅人为驱赶、仅噪音干扰、人为驱赶加噪音干扰、灯光加噪音干扰、人为驱赶加灯光加噪音干扰,每种模式进行7次实验,每次实验放入1只蝙蝠个体并记录其飞出废弃住宅所用时间。结果显示,仅灯光干扰实验中蝙蝠未飞出住宅,其中,使用50 W灯源时2.00 h无飞行行为,使用20 W灯源时超过30.00 min未飞出;多重比较分析结果显示,在无干扰模式中飞出用时最短,平均（5.14 ± 2.41）min;灯光加人为驱赶干扰模式中飞出用时最长,平均（22.71 ± 2.06）min;仅人为驱赶、仅噪音干扰、人为驱赶加噪音干扰、灯光加噪音干扰、人为驱赶加灯光加噪音干扰模式飞出用时无显著差异（P > 0.05）,平均（12.60 ± 6.15）min。上述结果表明,不设置任何干扰是使蝙蝠飞出住宅最有效的解决方案。此结论为人类与蝙蝠相处方式的发展提供科学依据和理论基础。     

Hearing and evasive behaviour in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae)

Greater wax moths (Galleria mellonella L., Pyraloidea) use ultrasound sensitive ears to detect clicking conspecifics and echolocating bats. Pyralid ears have four sensory cells, A_1?4. The audiogram of G. mellonella has best frequency at 60 kHz with a threshold around 47 dB sound pressure level. A₁ and A₂ have almost equal thresholds in contrast to noctuids and geometrids. A₃ responds at + 12 to + 16 dB relative to the A₁ threshold. The threshold data from the A‐cells give no indication of frequency discrimination in greater wax moths. Tethered greater wax moths respond to ultrasound with short‐latency cessation of flight at + 20 to + 25 dB relative to the A₁ threshold. The behavioural threshold curve parallels the audiogram, thus further corroborating the lack of frequency discrimination. Hence, the distinction between bats and conspecifics is probably based on temporal cues. At a constant duty cycle (percentage of time where sound is on) the pulse repetition rate has no effect on the threshold for flight cessation, but stimulus duration affects both sensory and behavioural thresholds. The maximum integration time is essentially the same: 45 ms for the A₁‐cell and 50–60 ms for the flight cessation response. However, the slopes of the time‐intensity trade‐off functions are very different: ? 2.1 dB per doubling of sound duration for the A₁‐cell threshold, and ? 7.2 dB per doubling of sound duration for the behavioural threshold. The significance of the results for sexual acoustic communication as well as for bat defence is discussed.     

降雨噪声对菲菊头蝠出飞行为的影响

降雨噪声属于常见的自然噪声,由雨滴撞击物体表面产生。目前,有关降雨噪声对动物的潜在影响被普遍忽视。回声定位蝙蝠主要利用声信号在黑暗环境导航空间、探测猎物及社群交流,是开展降雨噪声影响研究的理想类群。本研究选择菲菊头蝠 (Rhinolophus pusillus)作为研究对象,检验降雨噪声是否影响蝙蝠出飞行为。我们在集群栖息地外,播放强降雨噪声、空白对照和种内回声定位声波,开展野外回放实验。利用单因素方差分析及其事后检验,评价菲菊头蝠对不同回放刺激的反应差异。研究发现,相比空白对照,强降雨噪声导致菲菊头蝠的通勤数量百分比平均降低2.82倍,回声定位脉冲数量平均减少4.86倍,集群出飞时间延长3.75 min。相比空白对照,同种回声定位声波对菲菊头蝠出飞行为的影响并不显著。研究结果证实强降雨噪声抑制菲菊头蝠的出飞行为。本研究表明,降雨引起 的噪声干扰可能是导致蝙蝠躲避降雨的重要因素,为野生蝙蝠物种保育与管理提供启示。     

The Functional Characterization of Bat and Human P[3] Rotavirus VP8*s

Virologica Sinica - P[3] rotavirus (RV) has been identified in many species, including human, simian, dog, and bat. Several glycans, including sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are...     

贵州省四种蝙蝠携带病毒组

翼手目(Chiroptera)动物已被确认是人畜共患病毒的重要自然宿主。贵州省翼手目物种多样性资源丰富,包括了2亚目7科19属65种,但在其携带病毒方面的研究仍然不全面。本文基于病毒宏基因组学和s RNA病毒检测,对贵州省广泛分布的大蹄蝠(Hipposideriderosarmiger)、三叶蹄蝠(Aselliscus wheeleri)、贵州菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rex)和皮氏菊头蝠(R. pearsoni)携带的病毒进行注释及鉴定。通过分析得到所携带病毒的种类;并比较了贵州省与云南省和广西省3个地区翼手目携带病毒在种类上的差异。结果显示,在4种蝙蝠中检测出脊椎动物病毒、昆虫病毒、植物病毒、细菌病毒4大类,共计53科111属170余种病毒,其中具有公共卫生学意义病毒9科10属46种,如:人疱疹病毒1型病毒(Human herpesvirus 1)、戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus)、人乳头瘤病毒16型(Human papillomavirustype16)等相关的病毒。贵州省与云南省和广西省3个地区的蝙蝠所携带病毒种类比较发现,只有腺病毒科(Adenoviridae)和逆转录病毒科(Retroviridae)均存在于3个省份的蝙蝠体内,说明病毒种类在不同地域分布的蝙蝠种类中存在较大的差异。贵州省分布的大蹄蝠、三叶蹄蝠、贵州菊头蝠和皮氏菊头蝠携带病毒的种类较多,其病毒种类在公共卫生学上具有一定的代表性,对开展贵州省分子流行病学调查具有重要价值。     

An analysis of Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus diet in the Melaky Region of lowland western Madagascar

We present information on the prey taken by the Bat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinus in two different areas of lowland western central Madagascar. These are the first dietary data from Madagascar for this widespread Old World species. The recovered remains were almost exclusively of bats and birds, with a few examples of reptiles and insects. In total, 178 pellets were analysed. On the basis of minimum number of individuals and biomass, bats accounted for 58.3% and 30.3%, respectively, and birds 36.1% and 69.7%, respectively. Amongst the nine species of bats recovered from the pellets, four were represented by multiple individuals, particularly taxa belonging to the families Molossidae and Vespertilionidae that fly in open areas, and for the 11 species of identified birds, all were represented by a single individual. These patterns are interpreted as a specialisation of feeding on bats during a narrow window of time at dusk, as they leave day roost sites, and then using birds in a more general manner to fill in nutritional needs.