铜藻中β-丙氨酸的分离及结构鉴定

非蛋白质氨基酸在抗癌、抗菌、抗结核、抗坏血病等方面有着重要的作用。本文主要对铜藻中的游离氨基酸进行检测分析和部分分离纯化及结构鉴定方面的研究,为更好的开发利用这些天然产物提供技术支持。采用离子交换树脂层析法分离铜藻粗提液中的游离氨基酸,收集3 mol/L的氨水洗脱液,用PITC-HPLC柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法对其进行检测分析,结果显示粗提液中除含有多种组成蛋白质的氨基酸外还有3种未知组分,且含量较高的常见蛋白质氨基酸为丙氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸。采用半制备高效液相色谱系统制备分离了其中一种未知组分的衍生物MWZ2,经真空冷冻干燥后为略黄固体粉末,结合核磁共振波谱、高分辨质谱、红外光谱数据,最终鉴定MWZ2去掉已知取代基团PITC后的成分为β-丙氨酸,分子式为C3H7NO2,分子量为89.09。     

联苯菊酯降解菌株BF-3的分离筛选、鉴定和降解特性

【背景】联苯菊酯是人工合成的类似天然除虫菊素的一种仿生杀虫剂,近年来被广泛应用于农业病虫害的防治。联苯菊酯化学性质较稳定,在环境中的残留期长,是我国出口果蔬、茶叶中残留较严重的农药之一。微生物降解具有降解速度快、无二次污染等优点,被认为是有效去除农药残留的绿色生产技术。【方法】通过富集驯化,从农药厂排污口的污泥中筛选分离能够降解联苯菊酯的菌株,经形态学观察、生理生化特性测定及16SrRNA序列分析对其进行鉴定,通过单因素试验对菌株的降解特性进行研究。【结果】分离到1株联苯菊酯的降解菌株BF-3。菌株BF-3为革兰氏阳性菌,被鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌;该菌株在联苯菊酯质量浓度为100mg·L^-1的无机盐液体培养基（MSM）中呈现s型生长,7d后对联苯菊酯的降解率达到87．9％。单因素试验表明,菌株最适降解条件为pH7．0、30oC,初始菌株D600am=1．0。【结论与意义】蜡状芽孢杆菌BF．3能够有效降解联苯菊酯,在环境中联苯菊酯残留的生物修复方面具有应用潜力。     

水产品中河流弧菌分离株OmpU基因的克隆测序与生物信息学分析

目的 对河流弧菌(Vibrio fluvialis)水产品分离株OmpU基因进行克隆测序和生物信息学分析,为建立该菌的检测方法和研制疫苗奠定基础.方法 从市售水产品中分离细菌,采用表型和分子鉴定方法确定其种属,并测定其致病性和药物敏感性.根据弧菌属OmpU基因的序列特点,设计引物扩增河流弧菌OmpU基因,将其克隆到T载体上,筛选重组质粒并对其进行序列测定及生物信息学分析.结果 从水产品中分离的2个菌株(Vf1和Vt2)经鉴定确认为河流弧菌,它们均具有致病性,对15种测试抗菌药物敏感.2株河流弧菌OmpU基因全长分别为1 044和1 005 bp,含有1个开放性阅读框,分别编码由348和335个氨基酸组成的OmpU蛋白,该蛋白N端前22个氨基酸为信号肽.序列比对结果显示2株河流弧菌OmpU基因的核苷酸及其推导的氨基酸序列相似性分别为82.6％和81.2％.OmpU蛋白序列在6种弧菌种内和种间的相似性分别为81.4％ ～ 99.2％和71.2％ ～78.1％.表位预测结果显示河流弧菌OmpU蛋白的B细胞线性表位主要集中在第24 ～ 28、45～ 53、113～116、153～156、215～ 221和242～254位氨基酸区域,6种弧菌具有1个共同的抗原表位基序KDG-A-D-S.结论 OmpU蛋白是弧菌属中较为保守的一类功能蛋白,共同的抗原表位基序有望成为检测多种弧菌的靶标和研制多表位疫苗的靶位.     

1株拮抗水稻纹枯病菌鼠乳杆菌的筛选与鉴定

采用平板对峙法从浙江省金华市水稻田土壤中筛选获得1株拮抗水稻纹枯病菌的细菌QT-0304菌株,最大拮抗带宽达到20 mm。根据形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因比对及进化树构树分析,鉴定QT-0304菌株为鼠乳杆菌（Lactobacillus murinus）。抗菌谱实验结果表明：QT-0304菌株对苹果腐烂病菌（Valsa mali）和杨树溃疡病病菌（ Botryosphaeria dothidea）均有较好的抑制作用,拮抗带宽分别达到34.5 mm和23.0 mm。     

Using Head Patch Pattern as a Reliable Biometric Character for Noninvasive Individual Recognition of an Endangered Pitviper Protobothrops mangshanensis

Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis(formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis) is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically endangered. Research carried out on the Mangshan pitviper's population ecology and captive reproduction has revealed that the unique head patch patterns of different individuals may potentially be used as a noninvasive recognition biometric character. We collected head patch pattern images of 40 individuals of P. mangshanensis between 1994 and 2011. By comparing each pitviper's head patch pattern, we found that the head patch pattern of individual snakes was different and unique. Additionally, we observed and recorded the head patch pattern characters of four adults and five juveniles before and after ecdysis. Our findings confirmed that head patch patterns of Mangshan pitvipers are unique and stable, remaining unchanged after ecdysis. Thus, individuals can be quickly identified by examining the head patch pattern within a specific recognition area on the head. This method may be useful for noninvasive individual recognition in many other species that display color patch pattern variations, especially in studies of endangered species where the use of invasive marking techniques is undesirable.     

Individualized closed-loop control of propofol anesthesia: A preliminary study

This paper proposes an individualized approach to closed-loop control of depth of hypnosis during propofol anesthesia. The novelty of the paper lies in the individualization of the controller at the end of the induction phase of anesthesia, based on a patient model identified from the dose–response relationship during induction of anesthesia. The proposed approach is shown to be superior to administration of propofol based on population-based infusion schemes tailored to individual patients. This approach has the potential to outperform fully adaptive approaches in regards to controller robustness against measurement variability due to surgical stimulation. To streamline controller synthesis, two output filters were introduced (inverting the Hill dose–response model and the linear time-invariant sensor model), which yield a close-to-linear representation of the system dynamics when used with a compartmental patient model. These filters are especially useful during the induction phase of anesthesia in which a nonlinear dose–response relationship complicates the design of an appropriate controller. The proposed approach was evaluated in simulation on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models of 44 patients identified from real clinical data. A model of the NeuroSense, a hypnotic depth monitor based on wavelet analysis of EEG, was also included. This monitor is similar to the well-known BIS, but has linear time-invariant dynamics and does not introduce a delay. The proposed scheme was compared with a population-based controller, i.e. a controller only utilizing models based on demographic covariates for its tuning. On average, the proposed approach offered 25% improvement in disturbance attenuation, measured as the integrated absolute error following a step disturbance. The corresponding standard deviation from the reference was also decreased by 25%. Results are discussed and possible directions of future work are proposed.     

山东省淡水真菌三个中国新记录种

2010年6–10月期间,我们对山东省的淡水真菌进行调查和采集,发现3个中国新记录种:长鞭状透明长棒孢Hyalocamposporium longiflagellatum、乌拉圭斯宾塞马丁氏孢菌Spencermartinsia uruguayensis和大洋格腔孢菌Pleospora pelagica。主要对这3种淡水真菌进行形态描述及讨论。     

苏北地区规模化猪场产肠毒素大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及灭活疫苗效果评估

[目的]产肠毒素大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC)是引起仔猪腹泻的重要病原菌,本研究通过调查苏北地区规模化猪场ETEC的流行情况,分析其生物学特性,研制具有免疫保护效果的优势血清型菌株的灭活疫苗,以期对苏北地区ETEC的防控提供参考。[方法]从苏北地区规模化猪场采集3-30日龄的仔猪新鲜粪样、肛拭子及小肠组织样,分离出ETEC,对分离菌株进行血清型鉴定、耐药性测定、小鼠致病力测定;最后通过动物免疫试验研究优势血清型菌株灭活疫苗对小鼠的免疫保护效果。[结果]从21个规模化猪场采集病料562份,通过PCR鉴定及测序得到141株ETEC;血清凝集试验鉴定出85株菌的O抗原血清型,其中08、0101和0128为优势血清型,占定型菌株的61.2%(52/85),其他血清型包括09、03、020、0148、0149等;分析141株ETEC对14种常见抗生素的耐药情况,得出分离株对新霉素、红霉素、四环素、庆大霉素、强力霉素、阿莫西林、甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑高度耐药,耐药率均高达80%以上;对恩诺沙星敏感性较高,敏感率达50.4%(71/141);对多粘菌素B和头孢噻肟中介耐药,占比分别为66%(93/141)和51.8%(73/141);多重耐药现象严重,其中10重耐药的菌株占比最大,为19%(27/141);小鼠攻毒试验测得08血清型强毒株YC-6的半数致死量(median lethal dose,LD50)为1.4×10^7 CFU/只,最低致死量(minimum lethal dose,MLD)为3×10^7 CFU/只;08血清型强毒株YC-6和0101血清型强毒株LYG-3制备的单价灭活疫苗对小鼠的保护率均达到100%,因此利用08血清型强毒株YC-6和0101血清型强毒株LYG-3研制二价灭活疫苗,结果显示该二价疫苗对感染不同血清型ETEC小鼠的保护率在83%以上。[结论]本研究通过对苏北地区ETEC的流行病学调查,得出其优势血清型,并研制出针对对优势血清型免疫保护效果较好的二价灭活疫苗,给临床ETEC的监测和防控提供参考。     

A universal and reliable assay for molecular sex identification of three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

In heterogametic species, biological differences between the two sexes are ubiquitous, and hence, errors in sex identification can be a significant source of noise and bias in studies where sex‐related sources of variation are of interest or need to be controlled for. We developed and validated a universal multimarker assay for reliable sex identification of three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The assay makes use of genotype scores from three sex‐linked loci and utilizes Bayesian probabilistic inference to identify sex of the genotyped individuals. The results, validated with 286 phenotypically sexed individuals from six populations of sticklebacks representing all major genetic lineages (cf. Pacific, Atlantic and Japan Sea), indicate that in contrast to commonly used single‐marker‐based sex identification assays, the developed multimarker assay should be 100% accurate. As the markers in the assay can be scored from agarose gels, it provides a quick and cost‐efficient tool for universal sex identification of three‐spined sticklebacks. The general principle of combining information from multiple markers to improve the reliability of sex identification is transferable and can be utilized to develop and validate similar assays for other species.     

Untangling taxonomy: a DNA barcode reference library for Canadian spiders

Approximately 1460 species of spiders have been reported from Canada, 3% of the global fauna. This study provides a DNA barcode reference library for 1018 of these species based upon the analysis of more than 30 000 specimens. The sequence results show a clear barcode gap in most cases with a mean intraspecific divergence of 0.78% vs. a minimum nearest‐neighbour (NN) distance averaging 7.85%. The sequences were assigned to 1359 Barcode index numbers (BINs) with 1344 of these BINs composed of specimens belonging to a single currently recognized species. There was a perfect correspondence between BIN membership and a known species in 795 cases, while another 197 species were assigned to two or more BINs (556 in total). A few other species (26) were involved in BIN merges or in a combination of merges and splits. There was only a weak relationship between the number of specimens analysed for a species and its BIN count. However, three species were clear outliers with their specimens being placed in 11–22 BINs. Although all BIN splits need further study to clarify the taxonomic status of the entities involved, DNA barcodes discriminated 98% of the 1018 species. The present survey conservatively revealed 16 species new to science, 52 species new to Canada and major range extensions for 426 species. However, if most BIN splits detected in this study reflect cryptic taxa, the true species count for Canadian spiders could be 30–50% higher than currently recognized.