转基因玉米生物育种技术的专利分析及产业发展建议

通过研究转基因玉米育种技术的专利文献,可分析各国转基因玉米生物育种技术的发展趋势、研发领域的分布、跨国种业集团的产业布局。利用MS Excel和Innography等分析软件,采用图表分析方法对世界转基因玉米生物育种的专利文献进行定性分析和定量分析。结果发现,中国是转基因玉米生物育种的主要研发国家之一,其中基因编辑技术处于领先地位;我国创新主体仍以大专院校、科研院所为主,缺乏科研成果的转化动力,需要加大对转基因技术产业的扶植力度和知识产权服务。研究结果旨在为研究者确定研究方向、跟踪竞争对手的研究进展、分析跨国种业集团的产业布局、制定产业发展政策等提供参考建议。     

东北地区6所高校校园种子植物属级相似性分析

校园植物能反映校园植物多样性水平。为了研究东北地区高校校园种子植物属组成的相似性,本研究以沈阳农业大学等6所位于东北地区的高校中的校园种子植物为研究对象,并选取北方极为常见的两个科：菊科（Asteraceae）和蔷薇科（Rosaceae）,研究其属组成的差异性与相似性。结果表明,6所高校校园种子植物属间相似性较高。菊科属的组成在各高校间差异性显著,蔷薇科属的组成在各高校相似性高。校园植物种类的多样性与差异性与校园面积、校园所处位置相关。本研究旨在为东北乃至其他地区高校校园生物多样性的进一步研究和其他高校校园植物调查提供基础。     

Development of Oryza rufipogon and O. sativa Introgression Lines and Assessment for Yield-related Quantitative Trait Loci

Introgression lines population was effectively used in mapping quantitative trait loci （QTLs）, identifying favorable genes, discovering hidden genetic variation, evaluating the action or interaction of QTLs in multiple conditions and providing the favorable experimental materials for plant breeding and genetic research. In this study, an advanced backcross and consecutive selfing strategy was used to develop introgression lines （ILs）, which derived from an accession of Oryza rufipogon Griff. collected from Yuanjiang County, Yunnan Province of China, as the donor, and an elite indica cultivar Teqing （O. sativa L.）, as the recipient. Introgression segments from O. rufipogon were screened using 179 polymorphic simple sequence repeats （SSR） markers in the genome of each IL. Introgressed segments carried by the introgression lines population contained 120 ILs covering the whole O. rufipogon genome. The mean number of homozygous O. rufipogon segments per introgression line was about 3.88. The average length of introgressed segments was approximate 25.5 cM, and about 20.8% of these segments had sizes less than 10 cM. The genome of each IL harbored the chromosomal fragments of O. rufipogon ranging from 0.54% to 23.7%, with an overall average of 5.79%. At each locus, the ratio of substitution of O. rufipogon alleles had a range of 1.67-9.33, with an average of 5.50. A wide range of alterations in morphological and yield-related traits were also found in the introgression lines population. Using single-point analysis, a total of 37 putative QTLs for yield and yield components were detected at two sites with 7%-20% explaining the phenotypic variance. Nineteen QTLs （51.4%） were detected at both sites, and the alleles from O. rufipogon at fifteen loci （40.5%） improved the yield and yield components in the Teqing background. These O. rufipogon-O, sativa introgression lines will serve as genetic materials for identifying and using favorable genes from common wild rice.     

PCR-DGGE技术在土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

DGGE是一种有效的微生物多样性研究技术。本文简要介绍了DGGE(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)的基本原理,及其在研究土壤微生物类群多样性中的应用,并对该技术自身存在的缺陷进行了评价。     

生物柴油耦联丙酮丁醇发酵的初步研究

以4种生物柴油(原料为地沟油、菜籽油、棕榈油和废肯德基油)作为萃取剂,开展了丙酮丁醇静态萃取发酵。通过分析发酵过程中的产气量及发酵40 h后油水两相中的溶剂浓度,发现生物柴油对丙丁梭菌有毒性。另外,静置条件下丁醇在不同油水两相中的液液平衡系数大致相同。在发酵24 h时加入棕榈生物柴油(油水体积比为0.4∶1),丁醇发酵强度达到最大值0.213 g.(L.h)-1、比对照(传统发酵)提高10.9%,且生物柴油中的丁醇质量浓度达到6.44 g.L-1。     

Role of terpenes from aphid-infested potato on searching and oviposition behavior of Episyrphus balteatus

To cope with pathogen and insect attacks, plants develop different mechanisms of defence, in both direct （physical and chemical） and indirect ways （attractive volatiles to entomophagous beneficials）. Plants are then able to express traits that facilitate ＂top-down＂ control of pests by attracting herbivore predators. Here we investigate the indirect defence mechanism of potato plants by analyzing the volatile patterns of both healthy and aphid- infested plants. Important changes in the emitted terpene pattern by the Myzus persicae infested host plant were observed. Using Solid Phase MicroExtraction （SPME） and GC-MS, the （E）-fl-farnesene （EBF） appeared to be emitted by aphid-infested potato and not by healthy plants. To assess the infochemical role of these volatile releases after aphid damage on the aphidophagous predators Episyrphus balteams, the hoverfly foraging behavior was assessed using the Observer 5.0 software （Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands）. Aphidfree potato plants were also used as a control volatile source in the predator behavioral study. While aphid-infested plants induced efficient searching and acceptation behaviors leading to egg-laying, no kairomonal effect of healthy potato plants was observed, leading to longer immobility durations and shorter searching periods in the net cage. High oviposition rate of E. balteatus was observed when aphid-infested potato was used （mean of 48.9 eggs per laying and per female）. On the other hand, no egg was produced by the hoverfly on healthy aphid-free plants. The E. balteatus foraging and reproductive behaviors according to the volatile emission from aphid-infested plants are discussed in relation to the potential use of active infochemical molecules in integrated aphid pest management.     

内蒙古地区刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytropis aciphylla Ledeb.)种群遗传多样性分析

用ISSR分子标记对内蒙古地区刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytorpis aciphylla Ledeb.) 5个地理种群进行了种群遗传多样性分析。结果表明：刺叶柄棘豆种群具有较高的遗传多样性,11个ISSR引物扩增出215条带,总的多态位点百分率为98.14%,Shannon多样性指数I=0.2108,Nei基因多样性指数 H=0.341 6,种内总基因多样性(H_t) 为0.2108,种群内基因多样性(H_s)为0.160 4, 大部分遗传变异(76.11%)的遗传变异存在于种群内, 23.89%的遗传变异存在于种群间。遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.238 9,基因流(Nm)为1.592 9。5个居群间已有遗传分化趋势,遗传漂变不会引起遗传分化。UPGMA遗传距离聚类结果表明, 5个地理种群中,植被类型为荒漠草原的4个种群之间遗传距离较近,与1个荒漠种群距离较远。     

Analysis of forestry impacts and biodiversity in two Pyrenean forests through a comparison of moth communities （Lepidoptera, Heterocera）

We have compared the biodiversity variations in moth communities between unmanaged forests and commercial forests in a mountainous environment （Pyrenees France）. The aim was to evaluate the impact of forestry activities on moth diversity. The data collected from the insects were analysed with a Bayesian specific similarity index （noted SSP index） and by statistical biodiversity indexes comparison. It was seen that diversity and richness were decreased in the plantation compared to the unmanaged forest. Interestingly, the composition of the communities of moths was shown to be not only related to the presence/absence of host plants, but also to be in relation with changes in the differences in forest architecture （i.e. the relative coverage by the different vegetation levels）. However, the moth community in the commercial forest still has a high capacity to converge with the moth community present in more natural forests. We report here a list of 177 species of moths, providing information on the distribution of some uncommon species, poorly studied as yet in the Pyrenees.     

生物经济时代云南的定位

云南资源的特点是品种多、数量少,具有共生性。例如,在三江并流地区既有丰富的地下有色金属矿产资源,又有地面丰富的野生生物种质资源,还有奔腾的水资源。这些资源在同一个时空中存在,如何确定开发的时序是一个战略问题,最近有的科学家提出要尽快开发三并并流地区的地下矿产资源,有的工程技术人员提出要尽快开发三江并流地区的水电资源,而这一地区又是目前地球生物多样性得以保存的一个非常宝贵的地区。如何开发这些资源,如何平衡各种利益关系,特别是如何能体现国家和民族的长远利益,这是决策者必须考虑的问题。