Mitochondrial and chloroplast phylogeography of Picea crassifolia Kom. (Pinaceae) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent highlands

The disjunct distribution of forests in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent Helan Shan and Daqing Shan highlands provides an excellent model to examine vegetation shifts, glacial refugia and gene flow of key species in this complex landscape region in response to past climatic oscillations and human disturbance. In this study, we examined maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (nad1 intron b/c and nad5 intron 1) and paternally inherited chloroplast DNA (trnC-trnD) sequence variation within a dominant forest species, Picea crassifolia Kom. We recovered nine mitotypes and two chlorotypes in a survey of 442 individuals from 32 populations sampled throughout the species' range. Significant mitochondrial DNA population subdivision was detected (G(ST) = 0.512; N(ST) = 0.679), suggesting low levels of recurrent gene flow through seeds among populations and significant phylogeographical structure (N(ST) > GST, P < 0.05). Plateau haplotypes differed in sequence from those in the adjacent highlands, suggesting a long period of allopatric fragmentation between the species in the two regions and the presence of independent refugia in each region during Quaternary glaciations. On the QTP platform, all but one of the disjunct populations surveyed were fixed for the same mitotype, while most populations at the plateau edge contained more than one haplotype with the mitotype that was fixed in plateau platform populations always present at high frequency. This distribution pattern suggests that present-day disjunct populations on the QTP platform experienced a common recolonization history. The same phylogeographical pattern, however, was not detected for paternally inherited chloroplast DNA haplotypes. Two chlorotypes were distributed throughout the range of the species with little geographical population differentiation (G(ST) = N(ST) = 0.093). This provides evidence for highly efficient pollen-mediated gene flow among isolated forest patches, both within and between the QTP and adjacent highland populations. A lack of isolation to pollen-mediated gene flow between forests on the QTP and adjacent highlands is surprising given that the Tengger Desert has been a geographical barrier between these two regions for approximately the last 1.8 million years.     

Influence of environmental factors on reductive bioprecipitation of uranium by sulfate reducing bacteria

Microbial reduction of soluble uranyl [U (VI)] to insoluble uraninite by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) is a promising remediation strategy for uranium-contaminated groundwater. Effects of environmental factors, including pH and coexisting ions, on U (VI) bioreduction processes (UBP) remain unknown. Anaerobic batch experiments were performed to evaluate impact on UBP. Kinetic investigations with varied pH demonstrated that U (VI) was reduced mostly within 48 h. The bioprecipitation yields depended strongly on pH, increasing from 12.9% to 99.4% at pH 2.0 and 6.0, respectively. Sulfate concentration 4000 mg l⁻¹ did not affect UBP; however, sulfate concentration 5000 mg l⁻¹ significantly slowed UBP. Biogenic H₂S produced during sulfate reduction was not directly involved in UBP. At 20 mg l⁻¹ Zn or 10 mg l⁻¹ Cu, no UBP inhibition was observed and uraninite was detected in metal sulfide precipitate. However, 25 mg l⁻¹ Zn or 15 mg l⁻¹ Cu stopped UBP completely. Cu toxicity mechanism probably differed from Zn. The ability to reduce U (VI) was lost permanently with exposure to 15 mg l⁻¹ Cu, but not for Zn 25 mg l⁻¹. No uraninite could be detected before nitrate removal, suggesting nitrate strongly inhibited UBP, which may possibly be related to denitrification intermediates controlling the solution redox potential.     

Plant diversity and priority conservation areas of Northwestern Yunnan,China

The Global Plant Conservation Strategy of the Convention on Biological Diversity calls for “protection of 50% of the most important areas for plant diversity.” All global biodiversity analyses have identified the mountains of northwestern Yunnan as a conservation priority for plant diversity. The challenge we were presented with was how to transform this sweeping global recognition into regional geographic priorities and measurable conservation action. This challenge is especially acute in Yunnan where there are no readily accessible data on the distribution and status of plant diversity, yet great conservation urgency due to the rapid pace of economic development. We used endangered and endemic species to represent plant diversity as a whole due to time and financial constraints. To identify conservation priorities, we relied on experts’ knowledge, supplemented with a rapidly assembled plant diversity data base, rapid field assessments to fill knowledge gaps, and analyses of the spatial patterns of richness and habitat relationships. Ninety-eight endangered species and 703 endemic species occur in the project area. Experts identified nine Plant Diversity Conservation Areas for northwestern Yunnan, including eight specific geographies and one priority habitat. We found that the current nature reserve system is serving an important role in plant diversity protection, even though many of the reserves were not specifically designated for plant diversity considerations. This project provided a means for scientific experts to directly contribute to conservation decision-making by government and Non-Government Organizations, and essential information for the plant conservation in Northwestern Yunnan.     

无量山大寨子黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis)种群生存力

据2003年9月至2005年9月,对云南中部无量山大寨子黑长臂猿种群（5个群体）进行了观察,获得了群体大小、配偶体制、繁殖间隔、环境容纳量、死亡率、灾害的发生频率等种群参数,并结合近缘种的一些相关数据,利用旋涡模型（Vortex 914）,对无量山大寨子地区黑长臂猿亚种群的动态进行了模拟分析。结果显示：大寨子亚种群是一个具有很强的潜在繁殖力的种群,如果没有偷猎,亚种群在100a之内不会灭绝,并且能迅速达到环境容纳量。但是每年如果有1只成年雄性和1只成年雌性被猎杀,该种群将会在第78年灭绝,且灭绝概率为100%。不同程度的死亡率对种群影响不大,但高死亡率显著延缓了种群到达环境容纳量的时间。环境容纳量对种群遗传多样性损失具有重要的影响,在没有猎杀的情况下,种群的长期存活需要一个较大的环境容纳量。因此,在黑长臂猿受到严格保护、且栖息地主要在保护区内的今天,严密监控火灾的发生,限制牲畜进入林区等人为干扰的影响,保护好黑长臂猿栖息地是首要工作之一。但如果能使其栖息地周围的森林植被得到恢复,增加其栖息范围,将有利于该地区黑长臂猿的发展。     

侵蚀环境生态恢复过程中人工刺槐林(Robinia pseudoacacia)土壤微生物量演变特征

采用时空互代法,以典型侵蚀环境纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工刺槐林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、呼吸强度、代谢商及理化性质的演变特征。结果表明,生态恢复过程中刺槐林土壤理化性质得到明显改善,微生物量随恢复年限的增加变化显著,10~15a后达到显著水平;并随年限逐渐增加,在近熟林和成熟林期基本达到稳定,成熟林后期又开始上升,恢复50a的刺槐林微生物量碳、氮、磷较坡耕地增加幅度分别为213%、201%和83%,但仅为天然侧柏林的50.98%、55.17%和61.48%。呼吸强度随恢复年限增加先升高后降低,与有机碳变化规律不同步;qCO₂在恢复初期较坡耕地显著升高,随后迅速降低,25a后开始回落到坡耕地以下,50a后达到最低值,与天然侧柏林没有显著差异。相关性分析显示微生物量碳、氮、磷、qCO₂与土壤养分和恢复年限相关性最为密切,达到显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01)。人工刺槐林促进生态恢复可以依靠生物的自肥作用恢复土壤肥力和增加微生物量,但要恢复到破坏前该地区顶级群落时的土壤微生物量和理化性状,还需要一个漫长的阶段,这个阶段可能需要上百年的时间。

     

湖南鳞(虫兆)属种类记述(弹尾目,鳞(虫兆)科)

记述采自湖南省的弹尾目Collembola鳞(虫兆)科Tomoceridae鳞(虫兆)属Tomocerus 3种,包括2新种:六斑鳞(虫兆)Tomocerus(Tomocerus)hexipunctatus sp. nov.和多毛鳞(虫兆)Tomocerus(Tomocerus)multisetus sp. nov.和1个已知种T.(T.)kinoshitai Yosii,1954.     

新疆三工河流域尾闾绿洲地下水变化与土壤积盐的响应

研究地下水动态和土壤积盐过程有助于了解地下水抬升对土壤积盐的作用规律,合理利用水资源,防止土壤盐渍化。根据1985年、2000年和2005年的地下水等值线图资料,结合研究区1983~2005年水资源利用和0~20cm土壤层总盐数据以及土地利用数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了近23a来地下水动态,以及地下水抬升与地表积盐的关系。结果表明:区域输水灌溉是地下水水位抬升的直接动因。年均地下水水位抬升0.09m,地下水位每抬升1m,造成区域地表积盐区增加144.45hm2,地下水位的抬升对区域灌溉景观的积盐面积的扩张作用要强于非灌溉景观,在灌溉景观中耕地积盐速率最快,达0.43t.hm-.2a-1,23a间,单位面积的积盐量增加了40.04%,在非灌溉景观中,盐碱地的积盐作用较强,积盐速率达0.68.thm-.2a-1。     

不同功能型植物光合特性及其与叶氮含量、比叶重的关系

以秦岭南部的宁陕县和黄土高原地区的富县和神木为研究地点,研究不同气候带区乔木、灌木和草本植物的光合特性及其与叶片氮含量（Nmass）、比叶重（LMA）的作用关系。结果表明,宁陕、富县和神木3个地区之间的乔木、灌木和草本植物的光饱和速率（Pmax）、光合氮利用效率（PNUE）、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）、Nmass和LMA差异均达显著水平（P〈0．05）,神木地区乔木、灌木和草本植物的Pmax均显著高于宁陕和富县。3个地区的乔木、灌木和草本植物之间的Pmax、PNUE、ФPSⅡ、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率（Fv／Fm）、Nmass和LMA差异均达显著水平（p〈0．05）,草本植物的Pmax和PNUE明显高于灌木和乔木。由南向北分布的宁陕、富县和神木3个地区,随着气候干旱的加剧,乔木、灌木和草本植物的LMA均星增加的趋势,且不同功能型植物的LMA的大小比较为：乔木〉灌木〉草本植物。宁陕、富县和神木地区近60种植物（包括乔木、灌木和草本植物）的LMA与Nmass、PNUE与LMA均呈极显著的负相关（p〈0．01）,而Pmax与Nmass。呈显著的正相关（P〈0．05）。对光合参数之间的相关分析表明,Pmax与PNUE呈极显著的正相关（P〈0．01）,而Pmax与中PSⅡ呈极显著的负相关（p〈0．01）。     

利用RAPD-PCR探讨天蓝喇叭虫生物群系分化

选择天蓝喇叭虫(Stentor coeruleus)作为研究对象,对武汉市南湖、月湖、关桥3个水体共5个样点天蓝喇叭虫(S.coeruleus)样本的总DNA进行随机扩增多态DNA聚类分析,以检测各个样本的遗传相似性和趋异程度,借以评估样本间的遗传变异度。结果如下:(1)从98条随机引物中筛选12条引物共扩增出89条大小为100～1500bp的清晰条带,平均每条引物扩增出7.4条片段。(2)用Rapdistance1.04分析显示,不同样点样本之间存在着一定的变异,其遗传距离在0.076～0.416之间。(3)构建的聚类图中,南湖3个样点的遗传距离较近,在聚类图上聚成一枝,应该为同一个种群。本试验将为探讨水体原生动物迁徙能力对生物群系分化的影响积累实例资料,更希望可以促进水体原生动物的研究和种间过渡区本质及物种扩散行为的研究。     

方胫莫蛛新种记述及其与毛笔莫蛛的比较(蜘蛛目,皿蛛科)

记述中国皿蛛科1新纪录属和1新种：莫蛛属Moebelia Dahl,1886,方胫莫蛛 Moebelia rectangula sp.nov.模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所,北京. 方胫莫蛛,新种Moebelia rectangula sp.nov.（图1～11） 正模♂,河北嶂石岩, 2005-09-12 ,李枢强采;副模8♀♀,12 ♂♂,河北嶂石岩,李枢强等采; 4♀♀,7♂♂,北京门头沟,王倩等采。 新种与产自芬兰的毛笔莫蛛Moebelia penicillata（图12～22）相近,两者主要区别：前者触肢胫节无毛笔状毛簇;前者触肢前侧胫节突方形,后者锥形;前者超盾片突无三角形片状突起;前者外雌器后缘比后者宽;前者纳精囊之间的距离窄于后者。