猕猴桃品种‘金桃’采收指标与果实软熟品质相关性研究

分别对河南省27个果园的中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis Planch.）品种‘金桃’果实的5项采收生理指标及果实软熟时的8项品质性状进行测定,采用主成分分析法对果实软熟时的品质指标进行综合评分,并对果实的采收生理指标、果实软熟品质指标及综合分值间进行相关性分析。结果显示,采收时的生理指标（干物质、色度角、硬度和可溶性固形物）均与果实软熟品质综合分值间呈极显著相关,其中干物质相关系数最高,为0.437。干物质与体现果实软熟品质的关键指标（可溶性固形物、总糖和糖酸比）均呈极显著性相关。研究结果表明‘金桃’果实采收时,干物质含量是果实软熟时品质的重要评价指标,而可溶性固形物和色度角是评判采收期的辅助指标。     

褶爪沪蚖假眼的电镜观察

褶爪沪蚖(Huhentomon plicatunguis Yin)假眼为梨形隆起,表面具纵向条纹和沟缝;内、外表皮之间形成假眼腔,腔的后半部有一条由内表皮突出形成的龙骨;假眼下有3个感觉细胞,各伸出一条纤毛树突,经假眼后端的通道进入假眼腔,逐渐伸展成片层状,其末端与沟缝相通。观察结果表明其假眼结构与华山夕蚖假眼甚为接近。     

二甲基苯并蒽对肺肿瘤细胞P1-450基因表达的调节

人肺肿瘤细胞(ChaGo)经二甲基苯并蒽(DMBA)处理,刺激了p 1-450基因的高水平表达,用亚致死剂量内的DMBA 处理细胞,检出了p 1-450基因的mRNA 水平随DMBA浓度和处理时间而增加;p 1-450基因的主要编码区和3’末端区“—CCGG—”序列的甲基化型式不受DMBA 处理的影响,但DMBA 处理细胞影响到基因5’末端和侧翼区的“—CC-GG—”中“—C—”残基的位点特异的低甲基化效应,这种低甲基化效应,可能关系到p 1-450基因的异常高水平表达,也可能同时存在着别的分子调节机制。     

多效唑连用其它植物激素对水稻试管苗生长的影响

本实验采用继代多年的花培体细胞无性系Hu18再生绿芽(0.5mm)为起始材料,研究多效唑(MET)与其它激素配合使用对试管苗的调控作用,结果指出:(1)单独使用MET对绿芽生长有毒害作用,除2,4-D、GA,外,MET与适宜浓度的其它激素配合使用才能发挥增苗、壮苗作用,其中以MET与BA配合使用的培养效果最好,MET与NAA,C_2H_4配合使用的效果次之;(2)MET与其他激素配合使用不但能降低植株高度,促进根系发育,而且可以延长试管苗的保存时间;(3)MET与乙烯利配合使用能加速绿芽成苗速度,而与其他激素配合使则延缓绿芽成苗速度,如与2,4-D配合使用则延缓2,4-D对绿芽的脱分化进程;(4)在本实验条件下,以MET 2.5mg/L+BA 2mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L配合使用有利根芽的协调生长。本文还从植株干物质累积,叶细胞结构,细胞活力等方面进行了探讨。     

A global invasion by the thrip,Frankliniella occidentalis: Current virus vector status and its management

Western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally, attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops. In addition to causing extensive crop damage, the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses, mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus, Ilarvirus, Alphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus. Once infected by orthotospoviruses, thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed. These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems, and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides, contributing to further development of insecticide resistance. To mitigate against this continuing cycle, the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field. This review provides information on the pest status of F. occidentalis, discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species, examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus‐induced diseases by thrips, and reviews different management strategies, highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems. The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F. occidentalis and viruses are proposed.     

Microtubule-assisted mechanism for toxisome assembly in Fusarium graminearum

In Fusarium graminearum, a trichothecene biosynthetic complex known as the toxisome forms ovoid and spherical structures in the remodelled endoplasmic reticulum (ER) under mycotoxin-inducing conditions. Previous studies also demonstrated that disruption of actin and tubulin results in a significant decrease in deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis in F. graminearum. However, the functional association between the toxisome and microtubule components has not been clearly defined. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the microtubule network provides key support for toxisome assembly and thus facilitates DON biosynthesis. Through fluorescent live cell imaging, knockout mutant generation, and protein–protein interaction assays, we determined that two of the four F. graminearum tubulins, α₁ and β₂ tubulins, are indispensable for DON production. We also showed that these two tubulins are directly associated. When the α₁–β₂ tubulin heterodimer is disrupted, the metabolic activity of the toxisome is significantly suppressed, which leads to significant DON biosynthesis impairment. Similar phenotypic outcomes were shown when F. graminearum wild type was treated with carbendazim, a fungicide that binds to microtubules and disrupts spindle formation. Based on our results, we propose a model where α₁–β₂ tubulin heterodimer serves as the scaffold for functional toxisome assembly in F. graminearum.     

城市公园春季声景观与植被结构的关系

城市公园是城市生态系统的重要组成部分和城市生物多样性热点地区，具有丰富的声景观资源。由于声景观及声学方法具有信息量大，成本低，低侵入的特点，因此其研究和应用对生态系统健康及监测具有较高价值。声景观研究通过总结生物声的活动或多样性来衡量生物多样性。记录了北京20个城市公园的春季声景观，使用定量方法描述了声景观特征与变化；测试三种了已被证明与生物多样性相关并被广泛使用的声学指数（BIO、ADI、NDSI）与植被群落关系，完成了城市环境中声景观与环境关系的初步探究。研究结果表明：（1）声学指数能够有效表征城市公园声景观信息，具有显著的时间动态特性，能准确反映鸟类黎明合唱等重要生物生态活动；（2）声学强度指数也具有显著的时间动态变化和沿频率梯度的变化，不同的频率区间反映了不同声学群落的活动信息；（3）植被结构尤其是垂直结构对声景观起着重要作用，垂直异质性越大，声学多样性越高。发现支持声景观作为公园植被状况的度量，强调了其作为生物多样性和生态系统健康状况监测方法，用于城市管理和可持续发展的巨大潜力。     

干细胞改善糖尿病的分子机制及临床研究进展

糖尿病是各种因素导致的高血糖慢性代谢疾病,已发展成为流行疾病之一。化学抗糖药虽能控制血糖水平,延缓病程进展,但需长期服用;胰岛移植能从根本上治愈糖尿病,但胰岛来源不足,且需终生应用免疫抑制剂,故并没有得到广泛应用;干细胞是一类能够自我复制的细胞,具有多向分化潜能和旁分泌特性,近年来的研究证明,干细胞在糖尿病治疗方面有着积极的效果,被认为是有效治疗糖尿病的理想细胞类型。因此,就干细胞治疗糖尿病的分子机制和临床研究现状进行简要阐述。     

真菌芳香聚酮化合物的合成生物学研究进展*

真菌芳香聚酮化合物是由真菌非还原聚酮合酶(NR-PKSs)催化形成的具有广泛生物活性的一类天然产物。大部分内源真菌菌株存在难培养、致病性或产率低等问题,从根本上限制了真菌芳香聚酮化合物的开发和应用。随着合成生物学和代谢工程的发展,很多具有生物活性的聚酮产物实现了在工业微生物(如酿酒酵母、构巢曲霉等)中的异源生产,相关研究逐渐成为热点。从合成途径解析与挖掘、底盘细胞的构建与改造等方面综述了近年来真菌芳香聚酮化合物的合成生物学研究进展,为未来真菌芳香聚酮化合物人工代谢途径的高效构建和实现工业化生产奠定基础。