蔗糖磷酸合成酶研究的新进展

蔗糖磷酸合成酶(sucrose phosphate synthase,SPS)是高等植物体内控制蔗糖合成的关键酶之一,它主要通过异构调节和磷酸化修饰在酶水平调节蔗糖合成。本文简要介绍SPS家族的成员、SPS蛋白上的3个磷酸化位点,以及SPS的生物学功能、SPS与磷酸蔗糖磷酸酶的关系等。     

Inter-species comparison of 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronidation and sulfation in liver S9 fractions

Summary UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) are phase II enzymes that interact with a number of xenobiotics in humans and animals. Species differences in enzymatic characteristics have seldom been investigated. Liver S9 fractions are commonly used for studying phase II metabolism in vitro. The objective of this study was to characterize the UGT and SULT activities in liver S9 fractions from various species including humans, monkeys, dogs, and rats. A single substrate, 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC), at several concentrations was incubated at 37° C with the S9 reaction matrices along with necessary cofactors. The rate of formation of two metabolites, 7-HC-glucuronide (7-HC-G) and 7-K_m and V_mas values were calculated for each species. For the UGTs, the apparent K_m and V_max for 7-HC-G formation varied greatly among different species, with dog UGTs having both the highest K_m and V_max values. In contrast to UGTs, the K_m for 7-HC-S formation showed no significant difference among humans, monkeys, and rats (approximately 3 μM). However, the K_m in dog was 8.7 μM. Species differences with respect to phase II metabolism must be carefully considered when selecting an in vitro model system to study various aspects of drug metabolism.     

内蒙古巴彦乌兰地区始新世哺乳类及相关地层问题

记述了在内蒙古巴彦乌兰地区发现的４种始新世哺乳动物化石,其中包括１个啮齿类新种──Ｍｅｒｇｅｎｏｍｙｓ ｎｅｉｍｏｎｇｏｌｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。新种与在蒙古共和国发现的属型种Ｍ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ的不同在于个体大,下臼齿下外脊和下次小尖相对偏于唇侧。新化石的发现以及对岩石地层的分析表明巴彦乌兰剖面上原认为的伊尔丁曼哈组应包含伊尔丁曼哈及沙拉木伦组两个地层单位。     

Cytoplasmic composition in Pinus densata and population establishment of the diploid hybrid pine

Sequence and restriction site analyses of the paternally inherited chloroplast rbcL gene and maternally inherited mitochondrial nad1 fragments from the same set of populations and individuals were used to investigate cytoplasmic composition and population establishment of Pinus densata, a diploid pine that originated through hybridization between P. tabuliformis and P. yunnanensis. Two variable sites and three chlorotypes (TT, TC and GC) were detected on the rbcL gene of the three pines. P. densata harboured the three chlorotypes, two of which (TT, GC) were characteristic of the parental species, respectively. The third chlorotype (TC) was distributed extensively in seven of the 10 P. densata populations analysed, and might represent a mutation type or have been derived from an extinct parent. The distribution of chlorotypes, together with that of mitotypes, indicated that significant founder effect and backcross happened during the population establishment of the hybrid pine. P. tabuliformis and P. yunnanensis had acted as both mother and father donors, i.e. bi-directional gene flow existed between the two parental species in the past. Population differentiation of P. densata is high, as detected from the cytoplasmic genomes: GST = 0.533 for cpDNA and GST = 0.905 for mtDNA. The differences in cytoplasmic composition among the hybrid populations suggest that the local populations have undergone different evolutionary histories.     

薏苡种子胚芽鞘细胞的结构

观察了薏苡浸泡种子胚芽鞘的结构。胚芽 外,内表皮薄壁组织及２个侧位的维管束组成。在外表皮两处,观察到径向壁不边原细胞群,它们实际是合胞体。薄壁细胞含丰富的核糖体,内质网小泡和线粒体,说明代谢活动已经活跃。初生纹孔场内有胞间连丝,显示胞间已存在物质的共质运转。     

大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌液中抗菌活性肽的分离纯化及其性质

通过ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５,Ｇ－５０和Ｇ－２５洗脱等步骤,从云南产大蹼铃蟾（Ｂｏｍｂｉｎａｍａｘｉｎａ）皮肤分泌中分离得到了一种有广泛抗菌活性的多肽,被命名为ＭＳＰ－Ⅶ,用快原子轰击质谱（ｆ．ａ．ｂ．ｍ．ｓ）分析其Ｍ＋／Ｚ＝２６４８。即此活性肽的分子量为２６４７Ｄ。用自动氨基酸分析仪分析,含有２６个氨基酸,抗菌实验结果表明,此多肽对格兰氏阴性和格兰氏阳性细胞以及真菌都有较强的抗菌活性,溶血实验表     

传粉对杭州石荠苎（唇形科）结实的影响

杭州石荠苎（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａ）自交亲和,人工自花授粉,同株异花授粉和异花授粉的结实没有明显差异。杭州自然居中新开花朵的调查没有发现闭花传粉现象。原因是花药和柱头之间存在空间隔离和发育上的时间隔离。这些隔离使昆虫花粉传播的必要媒介,结实从而取决于传粉昆虫的活动。     

三个三倍体鲫鱼品系及野鲫mtDNA的比较研究

用16种限制性内切酶研究了银鲫(3N=156～162)、彭泽鲫(3N=162)和缩骨鲫(3N=150)3个三倍体鲫鱼品系及野鲫(2N=100)的线粒体DNA。有6种酶在种系间和种系内产生限制性片段长度多态性(RFLPs),银鲫共存在4种单倍型,彭泽鲫2种,野鲫3种,缩骨鲫1种。彭泽鲫和银鲫拥有相同的常见单倍型,缩骨鲫的单倍型属于野鲫的常见型。根据限制性位点的变异数据,计算了单倍型间的相似性、核苷酸多样性、品系内核苷酸多样性和品系间的遗传距离,确定彭泽鲫属于银鲫的一个地方品系,缩骨鲫属于野鲫的一个地方品系。根据核苷酸的差异,推算出银鲫和野鲫两个亚种的分化大约在11万年前完成。     

石菖蒲的克藻效应

 石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)抑制藻类的机制除了对光和矿质营养的竞争外，主要是由于石菖蒲根系向水体分泌的化学物质，能伤害和清除藻类(克制作用，Allelopathic effect)；用培养石菖蒲的水培养藻类，可破坏藻类的叶绿素a，使其光合速率、细胞还原TTC的能力显著下降；在荧光显微镜下可看到藻细胞从鲜红色变为淡蓝色。