光照和水分对白藤幼苗生长特性的影响路径关系研究

该研究以2年生白藤实生苗为研究对象,通过控制试验,设置4个光强梯度——S0(对照,全光照)、S1(75%~80%全光照)、S2(45%~50%全光照)、S3(20%~25%全光照)和3个水分梯度——W0(对照,RSWC85%)、W1(中度干旱,RSWC55%)、W2(重度干旱,RSWC25%),定期测定幼苗生长特性(株高、地径、叶片数),叶片光合能力[净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)]及吸收能力(根、茎、叶生物量),并利用结构方程模型进行路径分析,探讨光照和水分对白藤幼苗生长特性影响过程,为白藤育苗及资源恢复提供理论支撑。结果显示:(1)随着光照强度的降低,幼苗生长特性与吸收能力、光合能力表现出一致的变化趋势,即先增加后减少;在45%~50%光强条件下,幼苗株高、地径、叶片数,根、茎、叶和总生物量及叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和Ls均达最大值。(2)随着土壤含水量降低,幼苗株高、地径及茎和叶生物量均逐渐减少,而根、根冠比呈先增加后减少的趋势;光合能力方面的Pn、Ci、Tr比对照分别显著降低23.65%、20.61%和25.40%(P<0.05),Gs和WUE与对照差异不显著(P>0.05),Ls比对照显著升高170.00%(P<0.05)。(3)结构方程模型分析表明,光照主要通过影响幼苗叶片的光合能力,水分主要通过影响根系生物量来实现影响幼苗生长特性的作用。研究表明,SEM模型能有效对影响白藤幼苗生长的环境因子进行分析,定量解释环境因子影响的路径过程,光照和水分通过光合能力和吸收能力传递对生长特性的影响,且光照因子影响力大于水分因子,其路径系数分别为0.89和0.56;在白藤幼苗生长特性指标中,地径标准因子载荷为0.85,能够有效反映白藤幼苗生长特性;白藤幼苗培育在适度遮阴(45%~50%)和正常供水(RSWC85%)环境下生长最好。     

SNPs in SNCA,MCCC1, DLG2, GBF1 and MBNL2 are associated with Parkinson's disease in southern Chinese population

Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which have been identified as susceptibility factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) as per genome‐wide association studies, have not been fully characterized for PD patients in China. This study aimed to replicate the relationship between 12 novel SNPs of 12 genes and PD risk in southern Chinese population. Twelve SNPs of 12 genes were detected in 231 PD patients and 249 controls, using the SNaPshot technique. Meta‐analysis was used to assess heterogeneity of effect sizes between this study and published data. The impact of SNPs on gene expression was investigated by analysing the SNP‐gene association in the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data sets. rs8180209 of SNCA (allele model: P = .047, OR = 0.77; additive model: P = .047, OR = 0.77), rs2270968 of MCCC1 (dominant model: P = .024, OR = 1.52), rs7479949 of DLG2 (recessive model; P = .019, OR = 1.52), rs10748818 of GBF1 (additive model: P < .001, OR = 0.37), and rs4771268 of MBNL2 (recessive model: P = .003, OR = 0.48) were replicated to be significantly associated with the increased risk of PD. Noteworthy, a meta‐analysis of previous studies suggested rs8180209, rs2270968, rs7479949 and rs4771268 were in line with those of our cohort. Our study replicated five novel functional SNPs in SNCA, MCCC1, DLG2, GBF1 and MBNL2 could be associated with increased risk of PD in southern Chinese population.     

p39, the Primary Activator for Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 (Cdk5) in Oligodendroglia,Is Essential for Oligodendroglia Differentiation and Myelin Repair

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) plays key roles in normal brain development and function. Dysregulation of Cdk5 may cause neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Besides the well demonstrated role of Cdk5 in neurons, emerging evidence suggests the functional requirement of Cdk5 in oligodendroglia (OL) and CNS myelin development. However, whether neurons and OLs employ similar or distinct mechanisms to regulate Cdk5 activity remains elusive. We report here that in contrast to neurons that harbor high levels of two Cdk5 activators, p35 and p39, OLs express abundant p39 but negligible p35. In addition, p39 is selectively up-regulated in OLs during differentiation along with elevated Cdk5 activity, whereas p35 expression remains unaltered. Specific knockdown of p39 by siRNA significantly attenuates Cdk5 activity and OL differentiation without affecting p35. Finally, expression of p39, but not p35, is increased during myelin repair, and remyelination is impaired in p39^−/− mice. Together, these results reveal that neurons and OLs harbor distinct preference of Cdk5 activators and demonstrate important functions of p39-dependent Cdk5 activation in OL differentiation during de novo myelin development and myelin repair.     

Oligodendroglial defects during quakingviable cerebellar development

The selective RNA‐binding protein Quaking I (QKI) has previously been implicated in RNA localization and stabilization, alternative splicing, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The spontaneously‐occurring quakingviable (qkv) mutant mouse exhibits a sharply attenuated level of QKI in myelin‐producing cells, including oligodendrocytes (OL) because of the loss of an OL‐specific promoter. The disruption of QKI in OLs results in severe hypomyelination of the central nervous system, but the underlying cellular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used the qkv mutant mouse as a model to study myelination defects in the cerebellum. We found that oligodendroglial development and myelination are adversely affected in the cerebellum of qkv mice. Specifically, we identified an increase in the total number of oligodendroglial precursor cells in qkv cerebella, a substantial portion of which migrated into the grey matter. Furthermore, these mislocalized oligodendroglial precursor cells retained their migratory morphology late into development. Interestingly, a number of these presumptive oligodendrocyte precursors were found at the Purkinje cell layer in qkv cerebella, resembling Bergman glia. These findings indicate that QKI is involved in multiple aspects of oligodendroglial development. QKI disruption can impact the cell fate of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, their migration and differentiation, and ultimately myelination in the cerebellum. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 972–982, 2016     

间种牧草枣林刈草对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区间种牧草枣林,运用物种丰富度、多样性与相对丰盛度指数作为多样性分析的综合指标,系统地研究不同刈草次数对树上昆虫群落结构及动态的影响,结果表明：刈草对害虫亚群落的物种数的影响较小,对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,随着刈割次数的增加,昆虫群落各类群的多样性与相对丰盛度指数的时序变化凸现明显的差异与规律性,且受刈割次数的影响较大,当6月上旬进行第1次刈割后,对昆虫群落的结构动态影响明显,但很快即可得到恢复,当7月中旬实施第2次刈割后,对害虫亚群落物种数影响较小,但对天敌亚群落与中性昆虫的物种数影响较大,并且对昆虫群落的多样性与相对丰盛度的影响较为明显,这种影响待枣果采收后才逐渐得到恢复,因此刈割后应对枣树害虫及时给予管理。     

间种牧草枣林捕食性节肢动物群落结构的动态

应用群落结构特征参数与主分量分析,对间种不同牧草枣林中捕食性节肢动物群落的结构和动态进行了研究.结果表明,蜘蛛与捕食性昆虫是间种牧草枣林的主要捕食性节肢动物群落,其相对丰盛度分别为48.3%～52.7%和38.8%～ 44.4%.间种不同牧草枣林捕食性节肢动物群落主要类群的平均密度、多样性和均匀度有明显差异(P<0.05),表现为间作百脉根枣林>紫花苜蓿枣林>扁茎黄芪枣林>白三叶枣林,优势集中性指数为间作白三叶枣林>扁茎黄芪枣林>紫花苜蓿枣林>百脉根枣林.各处理枣林中捕食性蜘蛛类的平均密度明显(P<0.05)高于捕食性昆虫类.瓢甲类、蝽类、蛇蛉类、草蛉类、蟹蛛类、圆蛛类和植绥螨类的个体数量在间种牧草枣林捕食性节肢动物群落中起主导作用.     

Development,survival, body weight,longevity, and reproductive potential of Oemena hirta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) under different rearing conditions

Oemona hirta (F.) is a New Zealand native longicorn beetle, whose larvae bore into the wood of branches and stems of living trees and vines, causing serious damage. To explore effective methods for maintaining laboratory colonies and biology of immature stages of this species we evaluated four laboratory rearing methods with both natural and artificial diets and compared biological parameters of laboratory colonies with those of field-collected insects. On an artificial diet, approximately 40% of neonate and 70% of autumn- and 11% of winter-collected larvae reached adulthood. Neonate larvae could not complete their development in cut poplar (Populus nigra variety italica Koehne) twigs; however, when twigs were standing in water >46% of neonate larvae survived to adulthood. Mean larval development time ranged from approximately150 to almost 300 d, depending on rearing methods. Mean pupal stage ranged from 15 to 19 d. Adult females were significantly heavier than males. Although adult females from field-collected twigs and reared on the artificial diet had similar mean body weight, which was significantly greater than that of other rearing colonies, the potential fecundity was the highest in the former (83.1 +/- 29.4 eggs) and the lowest in the latter (33.5 +/- 9.1 eggs). In all laboratory-reared and field-collected insects, the total number of eggs produced (eggs laid + eggs that remained in dead female body) by females was positively correlated with their body weight. When larvae fed on the artificial diet, there was no positive correlation between the number of eggs successfully laid and female body weight. However, when larvae lived on natural food, a positive correlation was found. In laboratory colonies, mean longevity of females (36 to 52 d) was slightly greater than that of males (30 to 50 d) without significant difference between sexes but in the adults from field-collected twigs, males (52 d) lived significantly longer than females (33 d). In terms of time, labor, and the number of resulting adults, collecting larvae in the field in autumn and then transferring them onto artificial diet is the most effective method for maintaining a laboratory colony.     

木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

测定了木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性。用甲醇、氯仿、石油醚3种不同极性的溶剂提取,石油醚提取率最高为30.79%,且对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的触杀活性均高于其他两种溶剂的提取物,24 h校正死亡率分别为77.52%和72.04%。用甲醇对石油醚提取物萃取,发现甲醇萃取物活性明显高于石油醚部分,对成螨和卵处理24 h后的校正死亡率分别为89.60%和74.65%,产卵抑制率为62.74%,驱避率为58.23%。柱层析对甲醇萃取物进行分离得到10种组分,组分5活性最高,浓度为2 mg/mL时,24 h校正死亡率为86.15%。用薄层层析和气相色谱质谱联用仪分别检测组分5纯度和主成分,初步确定活性成分为α-菠菜甾醇。     

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase overexpression in Escherichia coli resulted in high ethanol production and rewired metabolic enzyme networks

Pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase are efficient enzymes for ethanol production in Zymomonas mobilis. These two enzymes were over-expressed in Escherichia coli, a promising candidate for industrial ethanol production, resulting in high ethanol production in the engineered E. coli. To investigate the intracellular changes to the enzyme overexpression for homoethanol production, 2-DE and LC–MS/MS were performed. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected in the gel by image analysis. Compared to the wild-type, 99 protein spots showed significant changes in abundance in the recombinant E. coli, in which 46 were down-regulated and 53 were up-regulated. Most proteins related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycerol metabolism and other energy metabolism were up-regulated, whereas proteins involved in glycolysis and glyoxylate pathway were down-regulated, indicating the rewired metabolism in the engineered E. coli. As glycolysis is the main pathway for ethanol production, and it was inhibited significantly in engineered E. coli, further efforts should be directed at minimizing the repression of glycolysis to optimize metabolism network for higher yields of ethanol production.