嗜冷嗜酸β-1,4-木聚糖酶及其钙离子依赖型碳水化合物结合模块

【目的】β-1,4-木聚糖酶是木聚糖降解的关键酶之一,嗜冷嗜酸木聚糖酶在功能性低聚木糖的制备中具有重要作用,但相关报道较少。【方法】从太平洋火色杆菌(Flammeovirga pacifica)菌株WPAGA1基因组发掘到一条新型的木聚糖酶序列,经基因合成、质粒构建和表达,并对其进行分离纯化及酶学性质研究。【结果】该木聚糖酶(Xyl4513)具有2个保守结构域,一个属于糖苷水解酶11家族(glycoside hydrolase family 11,GH11)催化模块(Xyl4513-T),另一个属于碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding module,CBM) 60家族(CBM4513),这是一种非常罕见的GH11家族木聚糖酶含有CBM的现象。纯化后的Xyl4513最适反应温度和pH值分别为30℃、3.0,这一特性说明Xyl4513为嗜冷嗜酸β-1,4-木聚糖酶;而截短的木聚糖酶Xyl4513-T最适反应温度和pH值分别为20℃、4.0,且催化效率(k_cat/K_m)较前者下降了20%,说明CBM4513对酶稳定性和催化效...     

黑曲霉木聚糖酶的底物特异性和低聚木糖生产

对黑曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｎｉｇｅｒ）木聚糖酶进行了纯化研究,结果表明,经Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０分离后,获得三个组分,称为Ｘ１、Ｘ２、Ｘ３。它们经ＰＡＧＥ电泳分析均为单一组分。对Ｘ１、Ｘ２、Ｘ３的相关性质,特别是底物特异性也作了研究,纯酶Ｘ３组分或部分纯化的酶可用于生产低聚木糖,产品得率为１０％。     

蔗渣制备低聚木糖的有机酸预处理条件研究

采用有机酸法水解制备蔗渣低聚木糖,通过单因素实验、正交试验研究了甲酸-乙酸比例、温度、水解时间、固液比等因素的影响,以水解率、总糖收率和聚糖收率为考察指标,得到有机酸法水解蔗渣制备低聚木糖的最优预处理条件为甲酸∶乙酸=9∶1、水解温度100℃、水解时间60min、固液比1∶7,在此条件下蔗渣水解率为47.78%,总糖收率20.57%,聚糖收率11.88%。HPLC检测结果显示:水解物中木二糖含量为17.69%,木三糖为11.23%,更高聚合度聚糖所占比例为29.42%,木糖为36.78%。半纤维素有机酸水解物可进一步通过木聚糖酶水解、分离制备低聚木糖。研究结果可为蔗渣制备低聚木糖新工艺提供科学依据。     

低聚木糖的提取工艺及相对分子质量分布

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究低聚木糖的提取条件,使用凝胶树脂对低聚木糖粗提液进行分离,采用高效液相色谱法测定了低聚木糖的相对分子质量分布。低聚木糖的最佳提取条件:在底物质量浓度为100 g/L的情况下,加酶量1 000 U/g,酶解温度55℃,提取时间为4 h。在此条件下,提取的平均聚合度为3.12,高效液相色谱测定结果发现,低聚木糖主要是由木二糖、木三糖以及4～8个聚合度的糖组成。     

β-xylosidase from Selenomonas ruminantium: Immobilization,stabilization, and application for xylooligosaccharide hydrolysis

The tetrameric β-xylosidase from Selenomonas ruminantium is very stable in alkaline pH allowing it to easily immobilize by multipoint covalent attachments on highly activated glyoxyl agarose gels. Initial immobilization resulted only in slight stabilization in relation to the free enzyme, since involvement of all subunits was not achieved. Coating the catalyst with aldehyde-dextran or polyethylenimine, fully stabilized the quaternary structure of the enzyme rendering much more stabilization to the biocatalyst. The catalyst coated with polyethylenimine of molecular weight 1300 is the most stable one exhibiting an interesting half-life of more than 10 days at pH 5.0 and 50?°C, being, therefore, 240-fold more stable than free enzyme. Optimum activity was observed in the pH range 4.0–6.0 and at 55?°C. The catalyst retained its side activity against p-nitrophenyl α-l-arabinofuranoside and it was inhibited by xylose and glucose. Kinetic parameters with p-nitrophenyl β-d-xylopyranoside as substrate were V_max 0.20?μmol.min^?1?mg?prot.^?1, K_m 0.45?mM, K_cat 0.82?s^?1, and K_cat/K_m 1.82?s^?1?mM^?1. Xylose release was observed from the hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharides with a decrease in the rate of xylose release by increasing substrate chain-length. Due to the high thermostability and the complete stability after five reuse cycles, the applicability of this biocatalyst in biotechnological processes, such as for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass, is highly increased.     

Specific Surface Area and Specific Pore Volume Distribution of Tobacco

The specific surface area and the specific pore volume distribution of Japanese tobaccos were measured by means of the low temperature gas adsorption technique utilizing the B.E.T. and the Inkley methods. The specific surface area and the specific pore volume of the micropores less than 300 Å in diameter varied from 6,000 to 17,000 cm²/g and from 0.0012 to 0.0036 cm³/g, respectively, with types of curing in the ascending order of the sun cured, the flue cured and the air cured tobaccos. The both specific values were increased by extracting the tobaccos with water greatly in the case of the flue cured, while slightly in the case of the air cured tobaccos, suggesting that the effect of the curings on the specific values were due to differences in the content of low molecular components. Effectiveness of puffing was also shown. The specific surface area was linearly correlated with the specific volume of the micropores less than 300 Å in diameter, the constant term showing that contribution of the larger pores more than 300 Å in diameter to the specific surface area of tobacco was insignificant.     

嗜碱芽孢杆菌N16-5木寡糖结合蛋白XynE的功能表征

嗜碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)N16-5是本实验室从内蒙古乌都淖湖沉积物中分离的嗜碱菌,含有丰富的多糖水解酶,能够利用广泛的单糖和多糖。实验室前期转录组研究发现其基因组上存在一个21 kb大小的木聚糖利用相关基因簇,其中包括xyn EFG基因簇编码的ABC转运蛋白。【目的】生物信息学分析预测xyn E编码转运蛋白的底物结合蛋白,通过敲除xyn E基因研究它对菌株N16-5利用木聚糖的影响。【方法】利用温敏型载体p NNB194介导的同源交换重组的方法构建了xyn E基因敲除菌株N16-5(Δxyn E),并通过基因回补对敲除菌株表型进行验证。通过检测菌株在木聚糖培养基中的生长情况及培养基中还原糖含量的变化来分析xyn E基因对菌株利用木聚糖的影响;通过HPLC检测分析不同培养时间点木聚糖培养基的组分,结合缺失菌株和野生型菌株在以木糖为唯一碳源的培养基中的生长情况来分析Xyn E所属ABC转运蛋白的底物特异性。【结果】相比野生型菌株,缺失型菌株N16-5(Δxyn E)在木聚糖培养基的生长曲线对数期明显延迟,最大生物量略低,且培养过程中出现了明显的还原糖的累积与消耗过程;回补菌株恢复了野生型表型,且最大生物量比野生型略高。HPLC检测分析显示,相比野生型菌株,缺失菌株培养过程底物消耗速度较慢,且16 h后出现明显的木四糖、木三糖和木二糖的累积,直至60 h后仍有较大量木二糖的存在;在木糖培养基中培养时,缺失型菌株和野生型菌株的生长趋势较一致。【结论】Xyn E蛋白特异性结合木寡糖,其所属ABC转运蛋白在嗜碱芽孢杆菌N16-5降解利用木聚糖过程中发挥着重要作用。     

The Syntheses of Catechin-glucosides by Transglycosylation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides Sucrose Phosphorylase

Sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was found to catalyze transglycosylation from sucrose to catechins. All catechins were efficient glycosyl acceptors and their transfer ratios were more than 40%. The acceptor specificity of the enzyme decreased in the following order: (?)-epicatechin gallate= (+)-catechin> (?)-epicatechin > (?)-epigallocatechin gallate> (?)-epigallocatechin. About 150 mg of the purified transfer product was obtained from 100 mg of (+)-catechin. Its structure was identified as (+)-catechin 3′-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (C-G) on the bases of the secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis, the component analyses of its enzymatic hydrolyzates, and the nulcear magnetic resonance analysis. The browning resistance of C-G to light irradiation was greatly increased compared to that of (+)-catechin. The solubility of C-G in water was 50-fold higher than that of (+)-catechin. The antioxidative activity of C-G in the aqueous system with riboflavin was almost equal to that of (+)-catechin. In addition, C-G strongly inhibited tyrosinase, in contrast with (+)-catechin, which is the substrate of tyrosinase. The inhibitory pattern of C-G was competitive using L-β-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a substrate.     

Syntheses and Biological Activities of Analogs of Abscisic Acid

Selenium dioxide oxidation of methyl α-ionylideneacetate (IIb) in ethanol afforded methyl 1′-and 4′-hydroxy-α-ionylideneacetate (IIIb and IV), methyl 3′-hydroxy-β-ionylideneacetate (V) and crude dihydroxy-ionylideneacetate (VI). The latter was oxidized with active manganese dioxide to give methyl abscisate (Ib). The growth and germination-inhibitory activity of compounds related to abscisic acid on Azuki bean seedlings and some species of seeds were examined.