改良三倍体鲫鱼的生物学特性研究

利用鱼类远缘杂交和雌核发育相结合的方法培育出改良四倍体鲫鲤和改良二倍体红鲫,两者交配制备出一种改良三倍体鲫鱼（湘云鲫2号）.对改良三倍体鲫鱼的染色体数目和组型、性腺和垂体结构、外形特征、生长速度等方面进行了系统的研究.结果表明,改良三倍体鲫鱼的染色体数目为3n=150,核型公式为33m＋51sm＋33st＋33t;其精巢和卵巢在繁殖季节不能产生成熟配子,垂体超微结构显示,GTH细胞内的分泌颗粒和分泌小球在繁殖季节没有大量排出,该特征从内分泌的角度证明了它们的不育性;改良三倍体鲫鱼具有体背高、尾柄短和头部小的优良外形特征.与三倍体湘云鲫相比,改良三倍体鲫鱼不但保留了三倍体鱼生长速度快、不育等特点,而且在体形方面表现出明显的改良特征,是一种新型改良三倍体鲫鱼.     

三倍体湘云鲫2号线粒体DNA含量与其不育的相关性研究

三倍体湘云鲫2号是通过倍间杂交产生的一种多倍体鱼(红鲫(♀)×异源四倍体鲫鲤(♂)),因其不育性状,具有重要的生产和科研价值。有研究表明线粒体在动物育性的分子调控机制中扮演了重要角色,但在鱼类中尚没有相关的研究报道。利用本实验室特有遗传背景清晰的实验鱼品系(三倍体湘云鲫2号、二倍体红鲫、异源四倍体鲫鲤和同源三倍体鲫),通过荧光定量PCR技术对比分析了它们性腺中线粒体DNA的拷贝数,发现三倍体湘云鲫2号雄性个体精巢中mt DNA含量较正常水平高,雌性个体卵巢中mt DNA含量较正常水平低。实验首次从线粒体DNA含量影响生殖细胞发育的角度探索线粒体与三倍体湘云鲫2号不育的关系,为三倍体湘云鲫2号不育分子机制的研究提供了一些新的基础数据。     

不同倍性鱼垂体细胞和超微结构比较

对繁殖季节和繁殖季节后的二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、三倍体湘云鲫以及四倍体鲫鲤脑垂体细胞的显微和超微结构以及组织化学特性进行了比较研究. 结果表明, 3种鱼脑垂体中都存在6种不同类型分泌细胞, 但是不同倍性鱼的垂体细胞大小存在明显差异, 就同一类细胞体积而言, 四倍体鱼垂体细胞大于三倍体垂体细胞, 三倍体垂体细胞大于二倍体垂体细胞. 在繁殖季节, 四倍体鲫鲤中腺垂体的GTH细胞所占比例最大, 其次是二倍体红鲫, 最少的是三倍体湘云鲫, 该现象与四倍体鲫鲤的性腺发育提前、三倍体湘云鲫不育有关联; 另一方面, 三倍体湘云鲫中腺垂体中STH细胞所占比例最高, 其次是二倍体, 最少的是四倍体鲫鲤, 这与三倍体湘云鲫生长速度最快、四倍体鲫鲤生长速度相对缓慢有关. 另外, 三倍体湘云鲫中腺垂体GTH细胞中的分泌颗粒和分泌小球在繁殖季节没有大量排出, 而四倍体鲫鲤和二倍体红鲫明显有大量排出, 说明三倍体湘云鲫的不育性与GTH中的激素不排出有关. 以上结果说明, 不同倍性鱼类在垂体结构方面表现出的差异与它们的生长速度、性腺发育等方面具有关联性.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤的性腺发育研究

采用组织切片技术对异源四倍体鲫鲤的性腺进行了研究。结果表明：异源四倍体鲫鲤的性腺发育程序和普通鲤鲫鱼相似,可以分为6个时期。雌雄个体都能达到性成熟,其中个体性成熟年龄为一周年;雄性个体比雌性个体成熟早,150日龄即可达到性成熟。成熟卵巢的成熟系数为9．25％－15．60％,成熟精巢的成熟系数为1．65％－5．19％。成熟期卵径为1670．4－1780．5μm之间,成熟精子头径为2．3－2．4μm。繁殖期为每年3－5月份。该研究证明异源四倍体鲫鲤的性腺发育是正常的,雌雄个体都能达到性成熟。     

异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父母本线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因遗传变异的分析

采用质粒克隆测序方法,获得了异源四倍体鲫鲤5个个体、异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体的线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因的全序列。经对比发现,异源四倍体5个个体共享2种单元型,异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体以及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体分别共享1种单元型。用MEGA 1.0 软件分析了它们的碱基组成和核苷酸序列差异,用邻接法构建系统进化树。它们间的序列同源性在95%~99%之间,异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们母本（分别为红鲫和日本白鲫）之间的序列同源性大于异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父本（分别为湘江野鲤和异源四倍体鲫鲤）之间的序列同源性,结果表明：异源四倍体鲫鲤和三倍体湘云鲫在线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因上具有母性遗传特征。本研究另一值得注意地方的是异源四倍体鲫鲤经过9代(F3-F11)繁殖后,在5个个体中发现了2种单元型,说明在四倍体基因库中存在遗传多样性,为四倍体基因库的繁殖、保护和种群复壮提供了一些有价值的信息。     

新型高背型鲫鱼的形成及其生物学特征研究

利用鱼类远缘杂交技术和雌核发育方法获得了新型四倍体鲫鲤(G1×AT). 在G1×AT中发现2%的高背型个体, 其自交后代性状发生分离并形成3种两性可育的二倍体鱼: 高背型红鲫、高背型双尾金鱼和青灰色鲤鱼. 其中高背型红鲫自交, 后代性状继续发生分离, 形成高背型红鲫、花鲫和青鲫. 本文主要对这3种高背型鲫鱼及其自交后代的外形特征、染色体数目、性腺显微和超微结构以及繁殖力等方面进行了研究. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 这3种高背型鲫鱼在外形上都具有体背高、尾柄短、头部小的优良特性. 高背型红鲫、花鲫和青鲫的体高/体长值分别为0.54, 0.51和0.54, 三者明显高于普通红鲫的体高/体长值0. 41(P<0. 01); (ⅱ) 3种高背型鲫鱼染色体数目与普通红鲫染色体数目一致, 都为2n=100; (ⅲ) 这3种高背型鲫鱼都具有正常的卵巢和精巢, 它们分别能产生成熟的卵子和精子, 为二倍体高背型鲫鱼品系的形成奠定了基础; (ⅳ) 与普通红鲫相比, 3种高背型鲫鱼具有产卵(产精)量大、繁殖期长、受精率和孵化率高等优点. 它们通过自交培育出了具有高背特征的二倍体鲫鱼群体; (ⅴ) 3种高背型鲫鱼既具有较高的观赏和食用价值, 也可以作为优良的二倍体亲本与四倍体鱼交配来制备高背型三倍体鲫鱼. 这3种高背型鲫鱼的形成在生物进化研究和鱼类遗传育种研究方面都具有重要意义.     

四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫染色体减数分裂观察

用精巢细胞直接制片法观察了异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和二倍体红鲫、湘江野鲤精母细胞染色体第一次减数分裂中期配对情况 ;作为对照 ,观察了上述四种鱼肾细胞的有丝分裂中期染色体。在精母细胞第一次减数分裂中 ,异源四倍体鲫鲤同源染色体两两配对 ,形成 10 0个二价体 ,没有观察到单价体、三价体和四价体 ;三倍体湘云鲫精母细胞形成 5 0个二价体和 5 0个单价体 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤精母细胞分别形成 5 0个二价体。肾细胞检测表明异源四倍体的染色体数目为 4n =2 0 0 ;湘云鲫为 3n =15 0 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤分别为 2n =10 0。减数分裂时染色体分布情况与肾细胞染色体检测结果相吻合。具有四套染色体的异源四倍体鲫鲤在减数分裂中只形成 10 0个二价体 ,而不形成 2 5个四价体或其它形式 ,为产生稳定一致的二倍体配子提供了重要的遗传保障 ,也为人工培育的异源四倍体鲫鲤群体能够世世代代自身繁衍下去提供了重要的遗传学证据。三倍体湘云鲫在减数分裂过程中出现二价体、单价体共存 ,同源染色体在配对和分离中出现紊乱 ,导致非整倍体生殖细胞的产生 ,为湘云鲫的不育性提供了染色体水平上的证据     

不同倍性鲫鲤鱼Dmc1基因cDNA的克隆 及其表达分析

酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.     

不同倍性鲫鲤鱼Dmc1基因cDNA的克隆 及其表达分析

酵母菌 Dmc1(disrupted meiotic cDNA)基因是一个在减数分裂前期Ⅰ表达的特异基因, 其产物是减数分裂同源染色体配对所必需的. 根据酵母菌、小鼠以及人的DMC1中保守氨基酸序列合成简并引物, 分别克隆了二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus red var.)、湘江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)、日本白鲫(Carassius cuvieri)、三倍体湘云鲫和异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1基因部分cDNA序列. 通过cDNA末端快速分离法(RACE)进一步获得了以上5种鱼Dmc1的cDNA全长, 其中红鲫Dmc1、湘江野鲤Dmc1和日本白鲫Dmc1全长均为1375 bp, 三倍体湘云鲫Dmc1全长1383 bp, 异源四倍体鲫鲤Dmc1全长1379 bp, 这5种鱼各自都编码342个氨基酸. 结果表明, 红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫的DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性高达97.3%, 说明DMC1蛋白在这3种鱼里具有高度保守性; 而三者与已知序列的人、小鼠和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)DMC1蛋白的氨基酸同源性分别为 86%, 86%和95%. 以分离得到的不同倍性鱼Dmc1基因编码区中完全相同的序列设计特异引物进行表达分析. RT-PCR结果表明, Dmc1只在性腺中表达, 在其他组织中不表达; 通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR), 对Dmc1基因在繁殖季节的二倍体红鲫, 三倍体湘云鲫, 四倍体鲫鲤性腺中的表达进行分析, 发现Dmc1在不同倍性鱼的性腺表达有差异, 在卵巢和精巢均表现为: 三倍体表达最高, 二倍体次之, 四倍体的表达最弱, 特别是在三倍体卵巢的表达远高于在二倍体和四倍体的表达. 同时, 对这3种鱼的性腺进行组织切片分析, 发现二倍体和四倍体鱼的性腺发育良好, 且四倍体成熟度高于二倍体, 而三倍体鱼性腺发育缓慢未达到性成熟, 特别是卵巢的发育相当不好. 由此可见, 在不同倍性鲫鲤鱼中Dmc1基因也是减数分裂特异的基因, 其表达与倍性无显著的相关性, 而与性成熟相关; 并且在三倍体卵巢中的过量表达可能与其减数分裂异常及其不育有关.     

年产10亿尾三倍体湘云鲫（鲤）鱼苗种繁殖工程

由于我国淡水渔业的发展和市场变化 ,使得传统养殖品种和养殖方式面临被淘汰的危机 .三倍体鲫鱼和鲤鱼湘云鲫、湘云鲤的优良品质和养殖效益越来越受到人们的重视 ,与传统鲤、鲫鱼相比较 ,湘云鲫 (鲤 )鱼具有 :(1 )生长快 .湘云鲫比普通鲫鱼生长快 2～ 3倍 ,当年鱼苗可长到 0 .5kg/尾 ;湘云鲤比普通鲤鱼快 2 0 %～ 30 % ,当年鱼苗可长到 0 .75kg/尾 ;(2 )不繁殖后代 .由于湘云鲫与湘云鲤均是三倍体鱼 ,不能繁殖 ,可以在任何养殖水域放养而不会产生后代和干扰其它鲤鲫鱼类资源 ;(3)抗逆性强 .湘云鲫和湘云鲤具有耐低氧、低温、耐粗饵、抗病的…     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.