水分胁迫对春播玉米苗期生长及其生理生化特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,以‘蠡玉18'玉米单交种为供试材料,设置充分供水(CK)、轻度水分胁迫(LS)、中度水分胁迫(MS)和重度水分胁迫(SS)4个水分处理水平,研究了水分胁迫对春播玉米苗期保护酶活性和生长的影响,以探讨土壤水分胁迫对玉米苗期生长发育及其生理过程的影响机制.结果表明:(1)随着水分胁迫程度的加剧,玉米幼苗的生物量显著下降,根冠比、根系活力和脯氨酸含量增加,且水分胁迫对玉米幼苗地上部生物量的抑制作用更大;可溶性蛋白含量差异不明显,MDA含量波动变化.(2)随着水分胁迫时间的延长,根冠比、根系活力和植株脯氨酸含量先升高后降低,可溶性蛋白含量呈先下降后升高的趋势;玉米幼苗叶片和根系MDA积累波动变化,而叶片MDA含量始终高于根系.(3)在水分胁迫初期,玉米叶片中CAT活性较SOD、POD响应更敏感;玉米苗期根系在中度水分胁迫下主要依赖CAT来降低氧化危害,而在重度水分胁迫下前期主要依赖CAT、后期通过CAT和POD的共同作用来降低氧化伤害;水分胁迫条件下,叶片和根系POD同步降低氧化伤害,而SOD和CAT在叶片和根系间存在互补作用.研究表明,在不同程度的水分胁迫条件下,玉米幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但其能够通过调节自身的保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植株的正常生理代谢功能.     

栓皮栎幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫的生理响应

以栓皮栎一年生盆栽苗为实验材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置不同土壤水分胁迫梯度,系统分析其幼苗在不同干旱胁迫条件下的生理生化响应特征,以探索栓皮栎耐旱特性.结果显示:(1)栓皮栎幼苗叶片中3种保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在对照(CK,土壤相对含水量19.5％～21.5％)条件下保持稳定,而中度干旱(T2,9.5％～11.5％)和重度干旱(T3,5.5％～7.5％)条件下,随着胁迫时间的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,且变化的幅度在不同胁迫强度下存在差异.(2)在整个干旱胁迫过程中,各胁迫处理叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势,不同胁迫强度的变化幅度不同;叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力随着干旱胁迫程度的增强呈先增高后降低的趋势.(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长表现出先增加后降低的趋势;叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b值均呈逐渐降低的趋势.研究表明,栓皮栎幼苗在短期和轻度干旱胁迫下通过提高自身的保护酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高根系活力等来抵御干旱环境的伤害,从而表现出较强的耐旱特性;而在重度干旱胁迫条件下,栓皮栎幼苗自我调节能力丧失,体内代谢紊乱,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和根系活力等下降,从而受到干旱伤害.     

干旱胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以1年生红花玉兰幼苗为试验材料,采用称重控制土壤含水量的方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(T1)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T3)4个水分处理水平,研究了干旱胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生长过程中的生长和生理生化指标的影响.结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,红花玉兰幼苗株高、地径和生物量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量在T1处理略有升高,在T2和T3处理明显降低.(2)随着胁迫时间的延长,红花玉兰幼苗叶片组织相对含水量降低,丙二醛含量先升后降再升,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势.研究表明,在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下,红花玉兰幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但能够通过调节自身的保护酶系统活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而表现出一定的抗旱耐旱潜力.     

翅果油树幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理生化反应

研究了不同浓度NaCl处理对翅果油树幼苗高度、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高和胁迫时间的延长,幼苗高度明显受到抑制,叶绿素含量呈下降趋势.整个处理过程中,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,但增加幅度不大,表明脂质过氧化反应水平不高.各处理浓度的叶片相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势.研究表明,翅果油树幼苗在NaCl胁迫下有活性较高的膜保护酶系统,具有一定的抗盐能力.     

腐植酸浸种对盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦品种进行腐植酸浸种处理,研究了腐植酸对盐(NaCl)、碱(Na CO3)两种胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量增加,膜透性增强,地上部鲜质量降低;盐胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,而碱胁迫下CAT和POD活性均升高,SOD活性降低;碱胁迫处理的小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统活性高于同浓度的盐胁迫处理;腐植酸浸种提高了小麦叶片谷胱甘肽含量,提高了SOD和CAT活性,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的影响.不同基因型小麦品种在抵御盐碱胁迫的能力和机制上存在一定差异,且与盐离子组成、浓度间存在一定互作,并受浸种方式调控.     

Cd胁迫对黄菖蒲幼苗4种抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培法对Cd胁迫下黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L．）幼苗叶片和根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的活性进行了研究。结果表明,10、40和120mg·L^-1Cd胁迫下,黄菖蒲幼苗叶片和根系中4种酶活性的变化不同。10和40mg·L^-1 cd胁迫下,黄菖蒲幼苗叶片和根系中的POD及APX活性、叶片中的SOD活性及根系中的CAT均明显高于对照;在120mg·L^-1 Cd胁迫下,叶片中的POD活性及根系中的POD和CAT活性均高于对照;各处理组根系中的SOD活性均低于对照。随处理时间的延长,40和120mg·L^-1Cd胁迫处理组叶片的CAT活性和120mg·L^-1Cd胁迫处理组根系的APX活性逐渐降低,其他处理组不同酶的活性逐渐升高或先升后降。黄菖蒲叶片及根系中的4种酶对Cd胁迫的响应能力有差异,其中POD可能是黄菖蒲耐Cd胁迫的主要抗性诱导酶。     

五种西北旱区植物对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以黑果枸杞、金露梅、蒙古莸、柠条和花棒5种西北旱区植物为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫对植物叶片光合、水分和生理生化的影响.结果表明: 随干旱胁迫时间的延长,5种植物叶片的保水力均升高,叶片相对含水量先升后降,叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数均不同程度地降低,花棒和黑果枸杞的光合系统受到的影响最小,金露梅的光合系统受损最严重.干旱胁迫后金露梅叶片的电导率和丙二醛含量先降低后急剧上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后急剧降低.其余4种植物随土壤含水量的降低电导率先升后降,丙二醛含量先升后降或先降后升,SOD和POD活性总体呈上升趋势,其中蒙古莸SOD活性和花棒POD活性在所有植物中升幅最大,干旱28 d后分别升至为胁迫前的2.1、14.1倍.随胁迫时间的延长,5种植物各有机溶质的积累量存在较大差异,金露梅积累最多的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸,28 d后分别增至为原来的2.1、23.4倍,花棒积累最多的可溶性蛋白,28 d后增至为原来的2.0倍.隶属函数法表明,植物耐旱能力为花棒>黑果枸杞>柠条>蒙古莸>金露梅.5种旱区植物可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和积累有机溶质对干旱胁迫进行积极的反馈,以减轻细胞受到的伤害.金露梅对水分亏缺的敏感性最高,试验期间其干旱程度已经超出了自身调节能力的阈值.     

土壤自然干旱处理对钩藤生长与生理特征及主要药用成分积累的影响

以一年生钩藤实生苗为试材,通过连续土壤控水12 d盆栽试验,研究持续性土壤自然干旱对钩藤幼苗生长、抗逆生理指标及其主要药用成分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,钩藤根和茎叶生物量以及叶片相对含水量(RWC)显著持续下降(P0.05),而根冠比、叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率(REC)逐渐升高。(2)随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,钩藤叶片叶绿素a、b含量先增高后下降,叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降,且POD活性最先达到峰值,CAT活性增幅最大;叶片中脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量逐渐升高,且Pro表现出更强的渗透调节能力。(3)钩藤幼苗叶片、主茎和带钩茎枝中钩藤碱与异钩藤碱含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长而呈先增高后下降的趋势,响应时间先后顺序依次为叶片、主茎、带钩茎枝,生物碱含量由高到低依次为带钩茎枝、叶片、主茎。研究发现,在土壤持续自然干旱条件下,钩藤幼苗生长受到一定影响,但植株能通过提高其抗氧化酶活性和积累渗透调节物质来提高吸水和保水能力,有效抵御干旱逆境;且土壤自然干旱胁迫4～8 d有利于主要药效成分钩藤碱与异钩藤碱的积累;土壤相对含水量在42%～53%时,钩藤幼苗耐旱性较强且钩藤碱与异钩藤碱含量较高。     

干旱胁迫对鸭茅幼苗根系生长及光合特性的影响

以不同耐旱型鸭茅品种(系)“01998”(敏感型)和“宝兴”(耐旱型)为试材,采用盆栽控水试验方法,研究土壤干旱胁迫对鸭茅幼苗根系生长、生理特性及叶片光合作用的影响,探讨不同品种耐旱机制的差异.结果表明：干旱胁迫下,不同耐旱型鸭茅幼苗的根系活力和根系数量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,当土壤相对含水量降到30%时,根系活力和根数显著增加并达到最大值;干旱胁迫降低了两个品种鸭茅叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度,提高了电导率和胞间CO₂浓度.干旱胁迫降低了两个品种鸭茅的单株叶面积,品种“01998”的地下及地上生物量下降,而“宝兴”无显著变化.     

钙对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系保护酶同工酶表达的影响

以'新泰密刺'黄瓜为材料,采用营养液栽培方法,对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系SOD、POD和CAT同工酶进行了分析.结果显示,与对照相比,单纯低氧胁迫处理的黄瓜幼苗根系SOD和CAT同工酶活性先降低再升高, 而POD同工酶活性则持续升高;营养液增施4 mmol·L-1 CaCl2明显缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜植株的伤害, 其SOD、POD和CAT同工酶活性接近对照水平;与单纯低氧胁迫相比,营养液增施50 μmol·L-1 LaCl3显著抑制了幼苗根系SOD、POD和CAT同工酶活性的升高;营养液增施20 μmol·L-1三氟拉嗪(TFP)引起植株根系SOD、POD和CAT同工酶表达量的剧烈波动,随胁迫时间的延长SOD和CAT同工酶均先迅速升高后又迅速降低,而POD同工酶活性则迅速降低.研究表明,外源Ca2+增加了Ca2+向黄瓜植株体内的运输,促进了低氧逆境胁迫信号向体内的传递,提高了根系保护酶的表达量及其活性氧清除水平,从而增强了黄瓜植株耐低氧胁迫的能力.     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

贵州疣螈繁殖生态的研究

贵州疣螈（Tylototritonkweichowensis）是一年繁殖一次的有尾两栖动物。繁殖期肥满度、肝脏系数、脂肪系数、性腺成熟系数、性腺体积均具一定的生物学意义。繁殖期一般为5月上旬至7月上旬,窝卵数平均121．5±7．81枚,孵化期21．6天,孵化率44．33％。每窝印数与雌体头体长成正相关。幼体不同日龄的形态特征变化明显。其全长的Logistic生长方程为：