马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)挥发性化学物质的昼夜节律释放

用TCT-GC／MS分析了马尾松、湿地松挥发性有机化合物的昼夜节律变化。结果表明：马尾松昼夜节律中检测到的挥发物主要是萜烯类化合物,其中单萜种类最多,且α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量约占整个挥发物的80％,其次是含氧化合物等。这些挥发物的释放高峰多数在10：30,少数在1：30;整个变化中有两个低峰期,即13：30和22：30。湿地松中检测到的挥发物组分与马尾松相似,多数释放高峰在12：00-15：00之间;另一些在6：00;α-蒎烯的释放高峰在3：00,而此时其它挥发性化合物的释放量最低。挥发物的释放也受到外界环境的影响,一定范围内随着温度的升高、湿度的减小,其释放量增加。     

马尾松（Pinus massoniana）、湿地松(Pinus elliottii) 挥发性化学物质的昼夜节律释放

用TCT-GC/MS分析了马尾松、湿地松挥发性有机化合物的昼夜节律变化。结果表明：马尾松昼夜节律中检测到的挥发物主要是萜烯类化合物,其中单萜种类最多,且α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量约占整个挥发物的80％,其次是含氧化合物等。这些挥发物的释放高峰多数在10:30,少数在1:30;整个变化中有两个低峰期,即13:30和22:30。湿地松中检测到的挥发物组分与马尾松相似,多数释放高峰在12:00~15:00之间;另一些在6:00;α-蒎烯的释放高峰在3:00,而此时其它挥发性化合物的释放量最低。挥发物的释放也受到外界环境的影响,一定范围内随着温度的升高、湿度的减小,其释放量增加。     

云南切梢小蠹对云南松树干和枝梢挥发性物质趋向反应的差异分析

利用GC-MS联用仪和计算机信息检索法,通过对云南松Pinus yunnanensis树干韧皮部和枝梢的挥发性物质成分的分析发现,二部位所含挥发性物质在组成成分和含量上存在明显差异.云南松树干挥发物以α-蒎烯为主,含量达81.01%,枝梢为挥发物以α-蒎烯和β-水芹烯为主,含量分别达29.20%和30.52%.与云南松...     

光肩星天牛幼虫虫粪挥发物成分分析

天牛幼虫排出的虫粪所释放的挥发性物质成为天敌搜寻天牛所在微栖境的重要化学信息物质.本试验采用固相微萃取技术,提取光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis(Motschulsky)取食垂柳和金丝柳后产生虫粪的挥发性物质,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行鉴定.结果表明,虫粪挥发性物质主要为萜烯类物质.两种虫粪挥发物中含共有物质19种,其中à-蒎烯的含量最高,该物质在垂柳虫粪挥发物中相对含量为51.60%,在金丝柳虫粪中的相对含量为28.84%.在金丝柳虫粪中检测到的挥发物种类稍多于垂柳虫粪中检测到的种类.     

田间条件下不同诱导棉花挥发性物质的鉴定

采用人工机械损伤(处理A)、棉铃虫为害(处理B)、棉铃虫为害+棉铃虫体(处理C)和水杨酸诱导(处理D)4种处理方式,对田间现蕾期棉花植株挥发性化合物进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明：有30多种棉株挥发性化合物被定性检出,对其中10种主要挥发性物质进行定量分析,田间棉株挥发的绿叶气味化合物有3-己酮、2-己酮和3-己醇等;单萜类化合物有α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、3,7-二甲基,1,3,6-辛三烯等;脂肪族化合物有丙酸丁酯、乙酸戊酯、乙酸丁酯和3-甲基丁酸乙酯;芳香族化合物有苯乙酮、苯甲醛等.处理C和处理B的棉花挥发信息化合物种类和释放量均明显多于对照,这两个处理检测到3,7-二甲基,1,3,6-辛三烯;而处理A和处理D未检测到该化合物.与对照相比,处理A挥发物在种类和含量上差异不显著.在田间,处理B、处理C和处理D均能诱导促进棉株挥发物的释放.     

广聚萤叶甲取食对豚草挥发物组分的影响

植物在遭受植食性昆虫为害后,会系统性地释放虫害诱导挥发物(HIPVs).为探明广聚萤叶甲取食对豚草挥发物组分的影响,本研究采用动态顶空吸附法和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),收集并分析了豚草在受机械损伤和受广聚萤叶甲取食损伤前后挥发物组分及相对含量的变化.结果表明,豚草健康植株与损伤植株的挥发物组分和相对含量具有明显的差异.与健康植株相比,受机械损伤后的豚草挥发物中新出现了乙酸芳樟酯、桉树醇、十二醛、γ-木罗烯、植物醇、β-波旁烯,这些化合物在受损后立即释放,表明它们是组成型豚草挥发性有机化合物(VOCs);受取食损伤后,挥发物中大根香叶烯D的相对含量显著增加,表明大根香叶烯D为诱发型VOCs;而较于健康植株和机械损伤植株,取食损伤后的豚草VOCs中增加了桧烯、辛醛、β-罗勒烯、香茅醇,表明这些化合物为HIPVs.此外,机械损伤与取食损伤对豚草VOCs组分的影响有所不同.受机械损伤后,挥发物的种类减少后(损伤后第3天)很快又恢复到健康水平,而受取食损伤后,VOCs的种类逐渐减少(损伤后3d内).受损后不同时期挥发物的种类和相对含量亦有显著差异.受损后的早期(1 d),释放的多为一些豚草绿叶性物质,而在后期有一些诱导物释放.本研究结果为利用豚草VOCs和HIPVs组分提高广聚萤叶甲对豚草的防控效果奠定了重要基础.     

扶桑绵粉蚧取食为害对棉花萜类化合物释放的影响

在室内条件下采用机械损伤叶片(MW)、外源水杨酸诱导(Me SA)、扶桑绵粉蚧短期(S-MF)及长期为害(L-MF)4种方式处理棉花,对棉花植株释放的萜类化合物进行了定性与定量研究。结果表明,共有5种萜类化合物被定性检出,分别为α蒎烯、β蒎烯、长叶烯、A-柏木烯与雪松烯;扶桑绵粉蚧的取食为害显著提高了棉花α蒎烯、β蒎烯及A-柏木烯的释放量,并且新增加雪松烯与长叶烯的释放;而叶片机械损伤与外源水杨酸诱导处理在一定程度上也提高了α蒎烯、β蒎烯及A-柏木烯的释放量。本研究结果为合理利用虫害诱导植物挥发物进行扶桑绵粉蚧的生物防治提供科学依据。     

星天牛对青皮垂柳挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】考察星天牛Anoplophora chinensis对不同生理状态青皮垂柳Salix ohsidare挥发物的选择偏好性,深入探究星天牛对虫害青皮垂柳与健康青皮垂柳行为选择差异的原因。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法,分别收集虫害和健康两种生理状态下的青皮垂柳枝条挥发物,通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对收集的挥发物样品进行鉴定与分析,采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪分别分析星天牛对挥发物样品中鉴定的主要化合物的标准化合物的电生理以及行为反应,通过大笼行为实验和林间诱捕试验分析单一挥发性化合物及其双组分和三组分配方对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果。【结果】健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共鉴定出3种主要化合物,包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和樟脑,而虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中鉴定出5种主要化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-罗勒烯和樟脑。另外虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的樟脑含量显著高于健康青皮垂柳枝条中的,3-蒈烯在两种挥发物中含量差异不显著,而健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的α-蒎烯含量显著高于虫害青皮垂柳枝条中的。EAG实验表明,星天牛成虫对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯3种化合物的EAG反应相对值较高,并且随这3个化合物浓度的升高而逐渐增大;星天牛成虫对β-蒎烯和樟脑的EAG反应相对值差异不大,且这2个化合物浓度变化对EAG反应相对值无明显影响。Y型嗅觉仪实验表明,在1 mg/mL浓度下,α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯吸引星天牛雄成虫数量均显著高于对照组（石蜡油）,β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛雌成虫数量显著高于对照组;在10 mg/mL浓度下,3-蒈烯吸引的星天牛雄成虫数量显著高于对照组。大笼行为实验表明,三组分虫害配方D(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯∶β-罗勒烯=42∶30∶103)、α-蒎烯和β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛成虫数量最多,显著高于双组分健康配方H(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯=105∶38)和3-蒈烯吸引的成虫数量。林间诱捕试验表明,α-蒎烯和虫害配方D对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果最好,诱捕的成虫数显著高于β-罗勒烯和健康配方H诱捕的成虫数,而3-蒈烯和空白对照组没有诱捕到星天牛成虫。【结论】虫害和健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共有的α-蒎烯和虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中特有的β-罗勒烯是对星天牛成虫具有引诱作用的两种重要寄主植物挥发性化合物,而3-蒈烯抑制了α-蒎烯对星天牛成虫的引诱作用。我们推测,虫害青皮垂柳挥发物中特有的β 罗勒烯是造成虫害青皮垂柳比健康青皮垂柳更容易受到星天牛危害的原因之一。     

7种松树挥发物分析及其主要萜烯类物质对红脂大小蠹行为选择的影响

入侵种红脂大小蠹在我国逐渐向北扩散至内蒙古和辽宁等地.同时在林间发现,相对于油松Pinus tabuliformis,其更偏好危害樟子松Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica.本文主要分析我国7种松树挥发性物质以及新发生地红脂大小蠹对其中主要物质的行为选择.本研究采用动态顶空采样法和气相色谱——质谱联用技术(GC-MS),对7种松树树干木段挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行采集和分析,包括油松、樟子松、华山松Pinus armandii、白皮松Pinus bungeana、马尾松 Pinus massoniana、红松 Pinus koraiensis和落叶松 Larix gmelinii.在此基础上参考以往研究中与红脂大小蠹行为相关的化合物,选择树种挥发物中7种主要烯烃类化合物:(1R)-(+)-α-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、月桂烯、(S)-(-)-柠檬烯,萜品油烯和莰烯,通过自制十通道行为仪器进行嗅觉反应试验,分析红脂大小蠹在不同浓度的化合物刺激下的行为选择反应.GC-MS结果表明,7种松树树干释放化合物中共包含烯烃类、醇类、酮类、醛类、酯类、酸类、烷烃和芳香烃8类化合物在内的54种化合物,其中烯烃类化合物相对含量最高.主成分分析及聚类分析结果表明,红脂大小蠹以往偏好寄主油松与新偏好寄主樟子松的挥发物相似度最高,(+)-3-蒈烯为其特有的挥发性物质,莰烯含量高于其他树种;4种受害寄主树种(油松、樟子松、白皮松和华山松)挥发性物质相似,均含有高比例的α-蒎烯,同时有β-蒎烯、柠檬烯、萜品油烯.选择上述6种化合物及月桂烯(华山松、白皮松中共有的萜烯类化合物)进行行为选择反应.结果显示,受害寄主树种中含有β-蒎烯以及油松、樟子松中的特征性挥发物质(+)-3-蒈烯对雌虫具有明显的吸引作用,低浓度(-)-柠檬烯(10-4mg/mL)对雄虫具有吸引作用;低浓度(10-4mg/mL)月桂烯对雌虫以及中浓度(10-2mg/mL)莰烯对雌雄成虫具有刺激性.综上所述,本研究证明了红脂大小蠹的寄主选择行为趋性与寄主树干挥发物的组成和含量有关.本试验结果将有助于理解植物挥发物对红脂大小蠹偏好寄主选择的影响,并进一步开发红脂大小蠹的引诱剂和趋避剂以应用于其防治.     

冷饭团不同部位挥发性成分及抗氧化活性分析

为较全面地认识冷饭团(Kadsura coccinea)植株挥发性成分及其抗氧化活性,该研究以其根、茎、叶为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏提取法(方法 a)和顶空-固相微萃取法(SPME)(方法 b)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)与计算机检索技术,对冷饭团植株各部位挥发性成分进行了提取分析,并采用DPPH法对其抗氧化活性进行测试。结果表明:(1)两种提取方法检测出的挥发性成分种类及含量存在一定差异,用方法a和方法 b分别在根、茎、叶中共鉴定出挥发性化合物98和117种;其中根中分别有59与68种(占总挥发性物质的83.5%,93.8%)、茎中54和56种(占总挥发性物质的88.9%,94.9%)、叶中36和42种(占总挥发性物质的89.6%,97.7%)。(2)根、茎、叶中两种方法检出共同化合物种类及含量基本相同,主要有石竹烯、蒎烯、榄香烯、毕澄茄油烯、古巴烯、毕澄茄烯、d-苦橙花醇等,这些成分也是各部分挥发物的主要成分(含量超过70%)。(3)根、茎、叶中挥发性物质质量浓度达到20 mg·m L~(-1)时,清除DPPH自由基效率均超过97%,表现出很好的抗氧化活性。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.