辣椒胞质雄性不育系CaCOX3的克隆与表达分析

探究线粒体呼吸链第4个复合体亚基细胞色素氧化酶第三亚基(COX3)与辣椒胞质雄性不育之间的关系,为研究辣椒CMS与能量代谢的关系提供参考。以辣椒胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B为材料,根据GenBank报道的辣椒线粒体基因组序列,设计特异引物扩增CaCOX3,进行生物信息学分析,并研究其时空表达特性,比较两系间的差异。在辣椒胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B中克隆获得的目的基因CaCOX3,全长均为798 bp,编码265个氨基酸残基;辣椒保持系9704B不同组织中,CaCOX3表达存在差异,果皮中表达最高,叶中表达最低。在不同的花蕾发育时期,两系CaCOX3表达存在差异。胞质雄性不育系9704A的造孢细胞增殖期和花粉母细胞减数分裂期,CaCOX3的表达量明显低于保持系9704B;在小孢子单核期,两系CaCOX3的表达量持平;在小孢子成熟期,胞质雄性不育系明显高于保持系。CaCOX3在辣椒胞质雄性不育9704A和保持系9704B的时空表达存在差异,可能引起能量代谢异常,造成不育。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因CaATP9的克隆与表达

通过克隆辣椒胞质雄性不育系线粒体基因CaATP9及其表达情况,为研究辣椒胞质雄性不育机理提供依据。以辣椒胞质雄性不育系9704A和同型保持系9704B为试验材料,研究CaATP9的一级结构在2个材料之间的差异和RNA编辑现象,并利用实时荧光定量PCR研究了该基因的时空表达。结果表明,CaATP9的一级结构在2个材料之间没有差异;CaATP9在转录过程中存在5个C→T的编辑位点,导致4个亲水性氨基酸(DNA模板)变换成4个疏水氨基酸,增强了蛋白质的稳定性;CaATP9在辣椒的不同组织中均有表达,但表达量存在一定差异,繁殖器官中的表达量要普遍高于营养器官;在花蕾发育过程中,胞质雄性不育系中CaATP9的表达量与同型保持系存在差异,推测这种表达差异导致胞质雄性不育系花蕾能量供应紊乱,影响小孢子的正常发育而表现不育。     

辣椒雄性不育系葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达分析

为了深入研究辣椒雄性不育与能量代谢之间的关系,该研究以辣椒近缘物种番茄的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因(G6PDH)同源序列为基础,采用电子克隆的方法克隆出辣椒CaG6PDH基因。利用荧光定量PCR技术,对辣椒雄性不育系9704A与其保持系9704B花蕾发育的不同阶段,以及保持系9704B不同组织(茎、叶、花、果皮、胎座、种子)中CaG6PDH基因进行表达分析。结果表明:两系中获得的CaG6PDH基因的编码序列一致,全长1 533bp,编码510个氨基酸残基;辣椒CaG6PDH基因在保持系不同组织中表达量存在差异,胎座中表达量最高,茎中表达量最低;辣椒CaG6PDH基因的表达量在花蕾发育的不同阶段雄性不育系均高于保持系,此种差异在小孢子发育的单核期与成熟期尤为明显,这种差异可能使雄性不育系能量代谢供应出现异常,从而影响小孢子的正常发育而导致雄性败育。     

不同核背景对小麦V-CMS coxⅢ基因转录本编辑的影响

RNA编辑现象普遍存在于高等植物线粒体中,RNA编辑的不充分或偏离与植物细胞质雄性不育具有相关性。以V型小麦细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的近等基因系为材料,研究了不育系、保持系、恢复系和杂种F1 coxⅢ基因转录本编辑位点的差异,发现coxⅢ基因转录本共有14个编辑位点,其中有12个引起了氨基酸种类的变化。通过对不育系、保持系、恢复系和杂种F1线粒体RNA编辑频率的比较,发现引入恢复基因后,不育胞质中coxⅢ基因转录本的编辑频率明显提高,说明coxⅢ基因转录本的RNA编辑与细胞质雄性不育具有一定相关性。     

紫稻(Oryza sativa L.)线粒体ATP合成酶atp6基因转录本RNA编辑

紫稻(Oryza sativa L.)细胞质雄性不育系紫稻A是本实验室构建的新型细胞质雄性不育系。本研究使用PCR、RT-PCR、DNA测序等技术,得到了紫稻细胞质雄性不育水稻不育系(樱香A)及其保持系(樱香B)线粒体atp6基因转录本cDNA序列。通过与基因组序列比对发现:樱香Aatp6cDNA序列中,没有发生RNA编辑;而樱香Batp6 cDNA序列中有16个编辑位点,在樱香B cDNA序列16个编辑位点位于15个密码子中,所编码的氨基酸均发生改变:在1003位点由C替换为T,导致原来编码谷氨酰胺密码子(CAA)成为终止密码子(TAA),保证atp6 mRNA编码一个正常的ATP6多肽;而由于没有发生RNA编辑,樱香A mRNA就不能翻译成正常的多肽。研究表明,RNA编辑在合成正常的ATP6多肽的过程中具有至关重要的作用,同时也说明RNA编辑可能与细胞质雄性不育相关。     

水稻线粒体coxⅡ基因转录本的编辑位点研究

RNA编辑是指由RNA水平的核苷酸改变所引起的密码子发生变化的一种预定修饰,它的发现是近年来对分子生物学中心法则的重要补充。本文以红莲型(HL)水稻细胞质雄性不育系粤泰A,保持系粤泰B和杂种F_1(不育系A与恢复系71068的杂交一代)为材料,首次研究了线粒体基因coxⅡ转录本的编辑位点。coxⅡ基因的转录本有15个编辑位点,其中有14个发生在密码子的第一和第二位点。这14个位点的编辑可改变氨基酸的种类,并导致所编码蛋白的疏水性以及所编码蛋白在氨基酸序列上的保守性增加。     

水稻线粒体coxII基因转录本的编辑位点研究

RNA编辑是指由RNA水平的核苷酸改变所引起的密码子发生变化的一种预定修饰,它的发现是近年来对分子生物学中心法则的重要补充.本文以红莲型(HL)水稻细胞质雄性不育系粤泰A,保持系粤泰B和杂种F1(不育系A与恢复系71068的杂交一代)为材料,首次研究了线粒体基因coxII转录本的编辑位点.coxII基因的转录本有15个编辑位点,其中有14个发生在密码子的第一和第二位点.这14个位点的编辑可改变氨基酸的种类,并导致所编码蛋白的疏水性以及所编码蛋白在氨基酸序列上的保守性增加.     

辣椒核质互作雄性不育系线粒体不育基因CoxⅡ和atp6的克隆与序列分析

以辣椒核质互作雄性不育系9704A、保持系9704B和恢复系9701(简称"三系")为材料,根据GenBank报道的茄科作物线粒体CoxⅡ和atp6基因编码序列分别设计引物, PCR扩增辣椒"三系"线粒体DNA目的基因片段,研究辣椒"三系"线粒体DNA CoxⅡ和atp6基因的差异及与雄性不育的关系.结果表明:从辣椒核质互作雄性不育系中扩增到两个基因的部分序列atp6-706和CoxⅡ-708,GenBank登录号分别为FJ986191和FJ986190,生物信息学分析发现分离的atp6-706和CoxⅡ-708片段与GenBank报道的茄科作物线粒体CoxⅡ和atp6基因的相似性高达95%以上;在保持系和恢复系中均未能扩增到任何序列,说明辣椒雄性不育系的CoxⅡ和atp6基因与保持系和恢复系在线粒体DNA水平上存在差异,这种结构上的变化暗示可能与辣椒雄性不育相关.     

紫稻(Oryza sativa L.)线粒体ATP合成酶 atp6 基因转录本 RNA 编辑

紫稻（Oryza sativa L.）细胞质雄性不育系紫稻A是本实验室构建的新型细胞质雄性不育系。本研究使用PCR、RT-PCR、DNA测序等技术,得到了紫稻细胞质雄性不育水稻不育系（樱香A）及其保持系（樱香B）线粒体atp6基因转录本cDNA序列。通过与基因组序列比对发现：樱香Aatp6cDNA序列中,没有发生RNA编辑;而樱香Batp6 cDNA序列中有16个编辑位点,在樱香B cDNA序列16个编辑位点位于15个密码子中,所编码的氨基酸均发生改变：在1003位点由C替换为T,导致原来编码谷氨酰胺密码子（CAA）成为终止密码子（TAA）,保证atp6 mRNA编码一个正常的ATP6多肽;而由于没有发生RNA编辑,樱香A mRNA就不能翻译成正常的多肽。研究表明,RNA编辑在合成正常的ATP6多肽的过程中具有至关重要的作用,同时也说明RNA编辑可能与细胞质雄性不育相关。     

红莲型细胞质雄性不育水稻线粒体atp6基因转录本的编辑位点研究

以红莲(HL)型水稻细胞质雄性不育系A、保持系B及杂种一代F1为材料,首次比较研究了红莲型水稻线粒体atp6基因转录本的编辑位点及各位点的编辑频率.结果表明atp6基因的转录本有18个编辑位点,其中有15个发生在密码子的第一和第二位点上,这些位点的编辑最终会导致氨基酸种类的变化.18个编辑位点在A、B和F1中没有差异,但各位点的编辑频率在引入了核恢复基因的条件下发生了较大的变化,完全编辑的比例增加.这些结果首次证明HL型细胞质雄性不育与线粒体atp6转录本的编辑有一定相关性,编辑不充分的转录产物最终会干扰线粒体功能的正常发挥.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

1H and13C-NMR analysis of four pentasaccharides from urine of blood-group A and B,Leb adults. Confirmation of the structure of two new oligosaccharides: Fuc(α1–2)[GalNAc(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc and Fuc(α1–2)[Gal(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc

The major pentasaccharides Fuc(1-2)[GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc, which are normally present in the urine of bloodgroup A Le^b and B Le^b healthy subjects, were each found to be contaminated by a minor component when analysed by¹H-NMR. The determination of these structures, Fuc(1-2) [GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc, was based on the results of methylation analysis and¹H/¹³C-NMR spectroscopy.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - GLC gas liquid chromatography - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - COSY correlation spectroscopy - Gal d-galactopyranose - GalNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose - Glc d-glucopyranose - Fuc l-fucopyranose - LNDFH I lacto-N-difucohexaose I (Le^b determinant     

The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.