我国早白垩世被子植物花粉研究之回顾

被子植物的起源及其早期演化是植物学界研究的重要课题之一。通过近几十年各方面的研究,被子植物起源于前白垩纪(Pre-Cretaceous)的事例一一被否定(Scott et al., 1970; Hughes, 1976)。孢粉学的研究表明,最早的被子植物花粉,如棒纹粉属(Clauatipollenites)出现于南北半球低纬度地区的巴列姆阶(Couper, 1958; Kemp, 1968; Doyle, 1969; Brenner, 1976; Doyle et Robbins, 1977; Hickey et Doyle, 1977;     

中国早第三纪孢粉植物群纲要

简要地叙述中国大陆及陆架区早第三纪孢粉植物群的纵向演变和横向分异，将纵向演变归纳为６个主要的孢粉植物群发展时期。即：１）早古新世榆科花粉发育期；２）晚古新世正型粉扩展期；３）早始新世榆科－桦科－胡桃科花粉繁盛期；４）中始新世壳外科花粉发育期；５）晚始新世蒺藜科花粉扩展期；６）渐新世松科花粉发育期。据横向地区差异，将中国大陆及陆架区划分为７个早第三纪孢粉植物地理区，为：１）东北暖温带至亚热带湿生孢粉植物区，２）华北暖温带至亚热带中生孢粉植物区，３）西北暖温带至亚热带旱生孢粉植物区，４）中南亚热带中生孢粉植物区，５）东海南部陆架亚热带湿生孢粉植物区，６）南方亚热带、热带中生至湿生孢粉植物区，７）西藏亚热带中生孢粉植物区。对以上各期的孢粉植物区的主要特征和各地理区范围，代表性的孢粉和特征分别进行叙述，并以此对中国早第三纪的主要含孢粉地层列表进行了对比。     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

本文记述了新疆塔里木盆地下白垩统卡普沙良群孢子花粉55属108种包括6新种,建立了本区早白垩世孢粉组合序列,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征,亚格列木组孢粉组合以裸子植物松柏类为主,缺乏被子植物花粉,其时代相当于贝利亚斯期至凡兰吟期;舒善河组孢粉组合仍以裸子植物为主,但出现原始被子植物花粉,时代应属豪特里维斯至巴列姆期;巴西盖组孢粉组合的海金沙科孢子和被子植物花粉都有显著增加,时代应属阿普第期至阿尔必期,本区早白垩世古气候应属亚热带干燥或半干燥型,但在巴列姆期至阿尔必期相对潮湿。     

从花粉化石到花粉食品

花粉化石在古生代地层中已经被发现,至今已有两亿多年的历史,发现最早的是古老松柏类裸子植物的花粉化石。中生代时期裸子植物进一步繁盛,在中生代地层中发现了十分丰富的松柏类花粉化石。到早白垩世中期（巴列姆期）地球上出现了最原始的被子植物,随之也在早白垩世中...     

金缕梅科系统发育的古孢粉学证据

本文系统描述了现代金缕梅科中主要属的花粉形态特征,并在此基础上运用孢粉学的资料探讨 了金缕梅科的系统分类及其演化规律。 文中还详细记述了金缕梅科中化石花粉的形态、出现的地质时代及分布;并进一步探讨了金缕梅科的地质演进历史。文章认为．早白垩世时期为金缕梅科的发生期,晚白垩世为金缕梅科的发展期。在这一时期金缕梅科中的主要属——金缕梅属Hamamelis、蜡瓣花属Corylopsis,弗特吉属Fothergilla均已出现。被子植物第一次在植物界中占据优势。进入早第三纪时期金缕梅科得到了进一步的发展和完善,花粉形态由三沟型演进出散孔型。最后,本文通过对金缕梅科孢粉形态学的研究和生物地层学的研究,详细的论述了金缕梅科演化的古孢粉学证据。文章认为金缕梅目可能由棒纹粉(Clavatipollenites)直接演进而来,而后再演进金缕梅科中其他各属种。文中还根据孢粉形态学的分析和孢粉生物地层学的研究,提出金缕梅科中的枫香属Liquidambar是和金缕梅科中的主要类群(三沟型)完全不同的两个类群,从而同意枫香属应当从金缕梅科中独立出来,另建立一个阿丁枫科Altingiaceae。     

中国沙参属花粉形态的研究

对分布于我国的沙参属３２种（亚种,变种）植物的花粉形态进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察,研究结果表明：（１）沙参属植物花粉形态较相似,但其外壁纹饰,厚度,小刺密度,萌发孔情况在种,亚种,变种鉴别上有一定的意义。（２）本属花粉粒演化趋势为：表面条网状,条脊窄,小刺多,网孔类圆形→表面条状,脑纹状,条脊宽,小刺少,网孔不规则形。（３）花粉形态结合植物形态和染色体演化趋势,推断本属各组的演化关系为：基生     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

本文记述了新疆塔里木盆地下白垩统卡普沙良群孢子花粉55属108种包括6新种,建立了本区早白垩世孢粉组合序列,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征,亚格列木组孢粉组合以裸子植物松柏类为主,缺乏被子植物花粉,其时代相当于贝利亚斯期至凡兰吟期;舒善河组孢粉组合仍以裸子植物为主,但出现原始被子植物花粉,时代应属豪特里维斯至巴列姆期;巴西盖组孢粉组合的海金沙科孢子和被子植物花粉都有显著增加,时代应属阿普第期至阿尔必期,本区早白垩世古气候应属亚热带干燥或半干燥型,但在巴列姆期至阿尔必期相对潮湿。     

朝鲜安州盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

报道朝鲜安州盆地下白垩统龙盘组孢子花粉３４ 属５９ 种（包括２ 新种）,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征。龙盘组孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉为主,蕨类植物孢子次之,出现少许原始被子植物花粉。松柏纲花粉在组合中占绝对优势;海金沙科和莎草蕨科孢子则在蕨类中占优势。根据孢粉组合,龙盘组的时代应属早白垩世巴列姆期至阿普第期;安州盆地当时气候温暖偏干,属亚热带半干旱型     

中国东北牻牛儿苗科（Geraniaceae）花粉形态与系统分类学研究

本文对中国东北牛儿苗科Ｇｅｒａｎｉａｃｅａｅ老鹳草属Ｇｅｒａｎｉｕｍ和牛儿苗属Ｅｒｎｄｉｕｍ植物计２属,１４种,２变种及１变型的花粉形态进行了较系统的研究。并对本科花粉形态进行了分类处理,编制了花粉形态科种检索表。结果表明,本科花粉如按萌发孔类型、外壁雕纹式样可以分为二大类：即三孔沟,外壁雕纹瘤状（Ｇｅｒａｎｉｕｍ）三沟,外壁雕纹网状（Ｅｒｏｄｉｕｍ）。在老鹳草属种及种下等级的分类处理中,花粉粒大小、萌发沟长度、外壁覆盖层网眼均匀性、直径大小、网脊上纹饰及外壁雕纹瘤纹突起均匀性、大小及瘤上纹饰都具有较大的分类学意义。花粉形态分类与经典分类对本科分类群的处理意见相吻合。大大丰富了本科分类微形态的证据。     

松辽盆地白垩纪被子植物花粉的演化

松辽盆地白垩纪时沉积了一套河湖相地层.由于目前发现的均为陆相化石,未见海相夹层,地层时代的详细确定比较困难,时代划分意见分歧很大,建阶工作也未进行.松辽盆地中、晚白垩世地层厚度大,发育全,化石丰富,被子植物花粉在剖面上表现出明显的演化规律,与北美西部白垩纪地层中的被子植物花粉相似,两者同属一个古植物地理区,有许多化石可以进行对比,甚至有些化石为同属同种.北美西部白垩纪被子植物花粉研究得比较详细,其演化时间是通过海相夹层中的沟鞭藻、凝源类或有孔虫确定的,因而它的演化阶段的时间概念是准确的.这样,通过两者的详     

Cretaceous diversification of angiosperms in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula

The classic leaf fossil floras from the Cretaceous of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal, which were first described more than one hundred years ago, have played an important role in the development of ideas on the early evolution of angiosperms. Insights into the nature of vegetational change in the Lusitanian Basin through the Cretaceous have also come from studies of fossil pollen and spores, but the discovery of a series of mesofossil floras containing well-preserved angiosperm reproductive structures has provided a new basis for understanding the systematic relationships and biology of angiosperms at several stratigraphic levels through the Cretaceous. In the earliest mesofossil floras from the Torres Vedras locality, which are of probable Late Barremian-Early Aptian age, angiosperms are surprisingly diverse with about 50 different taxa. In slightly later mesofossil floras, which are of probable Late Aptian-Early Albian age, the diversity of angiosperms is still more substantial with more than hundred different kinds of angiosperm reproductive structures recognized from the Famalicão locality alone. However, this early diversity is largely among angiosperm lineages that produced monoaperturate pollen (e.g., Chloranthaceae, Nymphaeales) and early diverging monocots (Alismatales). Eudicots are rare in these Early Cretaceous mesofossil floras, but already by the Late Cenomanian the vegetation of the western Iberian Peninsula is dominated by angiosperms belonging to various groups of core eudicots. The Normapolles complex is a particularly conspicuous element in both mesofossil floras and in palynological assemblages. In the Late Cretaceous mesofossil floras from Esgueira and Mira, which are of Campanian-Maastrichtian age, core eudicots are also floristically dominant and flowers show great organisational similarity to fossil flowers from other Late Cretaceous floras described from other localities in Asia, Europe and North America.     

江汉盆地渔洋组上部的古新世孢粉组合

20世纪70至80年代,几乎所有关于江汉盆地跑马岗组和渔洋组的古生物文献都将其时代确定为晚白垩世。李伟同在深入地研究了跑马岗组标准剖面上的轮藻化石后提出跑马岗组大部分属于古新统。取自层位与跑马岗组相当的渔洋组上段上部的岩芯样品经分析后获得了丰富的孢粉化石。这一组合总的面貌与王大宁等获得的晚白垩世渔洋组的第三组合区别明显,而与古近纪的新沟嘴组的第四组合相似处很多。在该孢粉植物群中,常见于当地的晚白垩世分子,如希指蕨孢属、克拉梭粉属、江汉粉属、刺参粉属、鹰粉属等没有或极少见到。而在本组合常见的南岭粉属、五边粉属、漆树粉属等多出现在我国南方古新世地层中。因此,其时代很有可能为古新世。如果是这样,渔洋组上部有可能跨越了白垩系和古近系界线。从当前孢粉植物群含有很多亚热带成分以及麻黄粉属以及胡颓子粉属、忍冬粉属等看,它反映了江汉盆地当时偏干旱的亚热带气候。     

Stellatopollis花粉之发现及其意义

本文描述了首次发现于我国早白圣世的原始被子植物花粉Ｓｔｅｌｌａｔｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ。这一发现进一步表明，这类花粉在早白垩世期间分布广泛，是早期被子植物花粉组合的重要组成部分，对大范围内的地层对比和早期被子植物演化的研究具有重要的价值。本文还介绍了我们所使用的对同一粒花粉进行光镜和扫描电镜联合观察照相的一种既简单又经济的方法．     

On the Fossil Proteaceous Pollen in China

In this paper, some results of the study on the Proteaceous pollen collected recently in China are reported. On the basis of their different evolutionary features in geological history, their evolution is subdivided four stages in the Late Cretaceous—Early Tertiary, namely Cenomanian-Turonian, Senonian-Danian, Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene. Each of the stages is typified by its own representative elements of Pro- teaceous and a certain domain of their predominance. According to the geographical distribution of Proteaceous pollen in China, four predominant districts are recognized, i.e. Northeast district of Late Cretaceous, Northwest-North-Inner Mongolia district of Early Tertiary, Centrial district of Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary and South district of Early Tertiary. In addition, the problems concerning the stratigraphical, palaeoecological and pa- laeoelimatic significances of the Proteaceous pollen, and its origin are discussed in this paper too. Three new species are discribed here and they are: Proteacidites partitus sp. nov., P. tenellus sp. nov., P. bullatus sp. nov.     

Early Cretaceous Palynofloras from Tarim Basin,Xinjiang

One hundred and eight species of fossil spores and pollen referred to 55 genera found from the Lower Cretaceous Kapushaliang (Kizilsu) Group in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang have been studied in this paper. The Kapushaliang Group may be divided into the Yageliemu Formation, the Shushanhe Formation and Baxigai Formation in ascending order. The Yageliemu palynoflora is characterized by the predominance of gymnospermous pollen, the relative abundance of pteridophytic spores and the absence of angiospermous pollen. Coniferae is dominant, while Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae are important in the flora. The most common species of palynomorphs are Todisporites minor, Cicatricosisporites dorogensis, C. australiensis, Lygodiumsporites subsimplex, Schizaeoisporites cretacius, S. zizyphinus, S. certus. Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Biretisporites potoniael, Cycadopites minimus, Pseudowalchia hiangulina, Parvisaccites radiatus, Podocarpidites multesimus, P. canadensis, Alisporites bilateralis, Cedripites cretaceus, C. canadenris, Abietineaepollenites microalatus, Clarsopollis classoides, C annulatus, C. xinjiangensis (sp. nov.), Ephedripites multicostatus, E. tarimensis (sp. nov.), etc . The palynoflora is comparable with those of the lower part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation in northwestern China and the lower part of the Lower Mannville Formation in western Canada, which is considered corresponding from Berriasian to Valanginian in age. The Shushanhe palynoflora is also characterized by dominance of gymnosperms and subdominance of pteridophyta. Some primitive angiospermons pollen grains are found in the upper part of the formation. In addition to the most common species of the above mentioned palynoflora, the important species in the present palynoflora comprise Cicatricosisporites potomacensis, C. orbiculatus, C. subrotundus, Concavissimisporites punctatus, C. verrucosus, C. globosus, lmpardecispora apiverrucata, Trilobosporites crassus, T. trioreticulosus, Pilosisporites verus, P. trichopapillosus, Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus, Verrucosisporites obscurilaesuratur, Converrucosisporites saskatchewanensis, Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis, Cingulatisporites valdensis, C. ruginosus, Jiaohepollis verus, Pityosporites constrictus, etc. More than 40 in dicative species of Early Cretaceous occur in the assemblage. The palynoflora compares clcsely with those of the middle part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation and the Quartz Sand Member of the Lower Mannville Formatton. It is suggested that the Shushanhe Formation should belong to Hauterivian of Barremian in age. The Baxigai palynoflora is basically similar to the Shushanhe palynoflora. But the palynoflora shows an obvious increase in abundance of lygodiaceous spores and angiospermous pollen accompanied by a great reduction of Classopollis and Ephedripltes. Most of the Early Cretaceous species occurring in the above mentioned palynofloras are present. In addition, some Cretaceous species recorded from Aptian and Albian Stages in Europe, North America and Australia, such as Trilobosporites tribotrys, T. trioreticulosus, Coptospora paradoxa, Camarozonosporites insignis, Crybelosporites punctatus, etc., appear in the assemblage. In comparison with the microfloras of the upper part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation, the Upper Mannville Formation and the lower part of the Lower Colorado Group, the Baxigai Forma- tion should be referred to Aptian to Albian in age. Judging from the palynofloras, the early Cretaceous palaeoclimate in the basin should belong to the arid or semi-arid type of the subtropic zone. However, from Barremtan through Albian the climatic conditions might appear relatively wet.     

Palaeopalynological Evidence of Phylogeny in Hamamelidaceae

This paper deals with evolution, classification and pollen morphology of the Hamamelidaceae, an important family in phylogeny of angiosperms. I. Pollen morphology and systematics of modern Hamamelidaceae. The pollen morphology of the family may be divided into the following four types: (1) Tricolpate: Hamamelis, Loropetalum, Mytilaria, Corylopsis, Sysopsis, and Distylum etc.; (2) Tricolpate with operculum: Disanthus; (3) Tricolporate: Rhodoleia; (4) Pantoporate: Liquidambar. The tricolpate pollen of the Hamamelidaceae is a primitive type in angiosperms, but the most ancient type is monocolpate pollen. Therefore, the family might have evolved from the Magnoliaceae of the monocolpate pollen. The pantoporate pollen is an evolutionary type in the family. It might have evolved from the tricolpate pollen. II.The fossil pollen of the Hamamelidaceae 1 .General introduction of the fossil pollen of the family Hamamelidaceae The most’ancient fossil pollen belonging to the family was found in the middle-late Early Cretaceous. Palynologists call the fossil pollen of the Hamamelidaceae Retitricolpites, which consists of three genera: Hamamelis L.,Corylopsis Sieb. et Zucc and Fothergilla Murr. Liquidambar is of an advanced type in the fossil pollen of the Hamamelidaceae. It was found in the period from the Palaeogene to the Neogene in China. 2. The geological history of the Hamamelidaceae may be divided into the following four stages: (A) The Early Cretaceous stage or origination stage. The family may be evolved from Magnoliales in the middle-late Early Cretaceous. (B)the Late Cretaceous stage or formation stage. The family is much developed in the period. (C) The Tertiary stage or development stage. The family was a much developed one among angiosperms. (D)The Neogene to modern stage or perfection stage. The evolutionary type, the Liquidambar type of the Hamamelidaceae, was much developed in the Neogene. III. The palaeopalynological evidence of evolution of the Hamamelidaceae The earliest fossil pollen of angiosperms was found in the Barremian (Early Cretaceous) in England, Israel, the United States of America etc., and was named as Clavatipollenites by Couper (1953). In recent years, Clavatipollenites was also found in the middle-late Early Cretaceous in Nei Monggol and Jiangxi Province of China. We also found Retitricolpites in the middle-late Early Cretaceous in Nei Monggol and Jiangxi Province. Retitricolpites, belonging to the Hamamelidaceae, is a primitive type among angiosperms, but it is younger than Clavatipollenites. Therefore, the pollen of Hamamelidaceae may have evoloved fromClavatipollenites, which may have evoloved in turn from that of Magnoliales.     

Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree.

Growing evidence of morphological diversity in angiosperm flowers, seeds and pollen from the mid Cretaceous and the presence of derived lineages from increasingly older geological deposits both imply that the timing of early angiosperm cladogenesis is older than fossil-based estimates have indicated. An alternative to fossils for calibrating the phylogeny comes from divergence in DNA sequence data. Here, angiosperm divergence times are estimated using non-parametric rate smoothing and a three-gene dataset covering ca. 75% of all angiosperm families recognized in recent classifications. The results provide an initial hypothesis of angiosperm diversification times. Using an internal calibration point, an independent evaluation of angiosperm and eudicot origins is performed. The origin of the crown group of extant angiosperms is indicated to be Early to Middle Jurassic (179-158 Myr), and the origin of eudicots is resolved as Late Jurassic to mid Cretaceous (147-131 Myr). Both estimates, despite a conservative calibration point, are older than current fossil-based estimates.     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世克孜勒苏群孢粉组合

基于新疆塔里木盆地西南区和东南区下白垩统克孜勒苏群发现的孢子花粉57属96种的研究,建立了克孜勒苏群下亚旋回和上亚旋回孢粉组合,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地层时代。克孜勒苏群孢粉组合以松杉目的优势、真蕨目海金沙科的显赫和原始被子植物的出现为特征。克孜勒苏群下亚旋回孢粉组合与欧洲韦尔登期(陆相尼欧克姆期)和北美巴列姆期孢粉组合可以对比,克孜勒苏群上亚旋回孢粉组合与欧亚大陆、北美和澳大利亚阿普第期至阿尔必期孢粉组合可以对比。根据孢粉学证据,克孜勒苏群下亚旋回应属于尼欧克姆期,或赫特里夫期至巴列姆期,克孜勒苏群上亚旋回应归于阿普第期至阿尔必期。     

Did dinosaurs invent flowers? Dinosaur—angiosperm coevolution revisited

Angiosperms first appeared in northern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, approximately 135 million years ago. Several authors have hypothesised that the origin of angiosperms, and the tempo and pattern of their subsequent radiation, was mediated by changes in the browsing behaviour of large herbivorous dinosaurs (sauropods and ornithischians). Moreover, the taxonomic and ecological radiation of angiosperms has been associated with the evolution of complex jaw mechanisms among ornithischian dinosaurs. Here, we review critically the evidence for dinosaur-angiosperm interactions during the Cretaceous Period, providing explicit spatiotemporal comparisons between evolutionary and palaeoecological events in both the dinosaur and angiosperm fossil records and an assessment of the direct and indirect evidence for dinosaur diets. We conclude that there are no strong spatiotemporal correlations in support of the hypothesis that dinosaurs were causative agents in the origin of angiosperms; however, dinosaur-angiosperm interactions in the Late Cretaceous may have resulted in some coevolutionary interactions, although direct evidence of such interactions is scanty at present. It is likely that other animal groups (insects, arboreal mammals) had a greater impact on angiosperm diversity during the Cretaceous than herbivorous dinosaurs. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 might have played a critical role in the initial stages of the angiosperm radiation.     

Erdtmanitheca portucalensis,a new pollen organ from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Portugal with Eucommiidites-type pollen

A new lignitised, slightly compressed pollen organ, Erdtmanitheca portucalensis, with affinities to extinct Erdtmanithecales from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Vale de Água (Lusitanian Basin, western Portugal), is described. The pollen organ is composed of loosely arranged microsporophylls radiating from a central core. The estimated number of microsporophylls is about 100–150. The microsporophylls are sessile and ellipsoidal to barrel-shaped with a flattened or slightly apically depression containing about ten narrow sporangia. The sporangia enclose abundant well-preserved pollen grains of Eucommiidites-type. Pollen grains found in situ are elliptical in equatorial outline, about 16.0–27.2 μm long and 11.9–16.4 μm wide. The main (distal) colpus is long with expanded rounded ends. It is flanked by two subsidiary colpi in an almost equatorial position. The surface of the pollen wall is psilate and occasionally punctate. The ektexine is composed of a distinct tectum, granular infratectal layer and a thin foot layer. The endexine is thick and laminar. The new Early Cretaceous Portuguese pollen-organ is similar in several respects to that of Erdtmanitheca texensis described from the Late Cretaceous of Texas, USA. The new fossil species further documents the importance of the Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales group in the Early Cretaceous floras of Portugal extending the stratigraphic and geographical distribution of the genus with regard to systematic and phylogenetic significance of the Eucommiidites-producing plants that may have been co-occurring with the Early Cretaceous diversification of angiosperms. It is ascertained that perforate tectum occurs in pollen grains with a well-developed foot layer as well as in pollen grains in which a foot layer is poorly developed or lacking, and that pollen features do not support a separation of the Erdtmanithecales seeds and pollen organs.