一个新的水稻小穗梗弯曲突变体的形态特征及基因定位

稻穗小穗梗的发育与产量有着密切关系。文章利用⁶⁰Co g 射线辐照籼稻品种“浙农7号”, 获得一个性状能稳定遗传的小穗梗弯曲突变体bpb1 (bent pedicel branch 1), 表现为小穗梗弯曲, 并伴有小穗梗长度增长、穗长缩短和植株矮化等特点。扫描电镜观察显示, bpb1突变体小穗梗的表皮毛及气孔变小, 外表皮细胞和厚壁细胞排列不规则, 接近弯曲部位的细胞变小、排列更为紧密。bpb1突变体小穗梗横切面观察表明, 小维管束排列结构发生明显变化。遗传分析表明该突变表型受隐性单基因控制。利用bpb1突变体与粳稻品种“浙农大104”杂交构建的F₂群体进行基因定位, 将bpb1基因定位于水稻第7号染色体长臂SSR标记RM21537和RM21552之间, 该区间的物理距离为343 kb, 该区域内未发现与水稻小穗梗发育相关的已知基因。文章为bpb1基因的克隆和功能研究奠定了重要基础。     

水稻突变体des2和des5的研究和定位

小穗发育是决定水稻产量的主要农艺性状,鉴定控制小穗发育的关键基因对研究和分析调控农艺性状的分子机理是至关重要的.本文中,我们鉴定了一组小穗数目明显减少的突变体,命名为decteased spikelets(des),这里详细研究des2和des5两个突变体.结果显示des2是由单基因隐性位点控制,图位克隆将此位点定位到6号染色体的长臂上,并最终克隆了此基因,发现des2是moc1的一个新的等位突变体.定位克隆和序列分析显示在des5中,LAX基因的编码HLH(螺旋一环一螺旋)结构域的区域发生了一个点突变,暗示des5是lax的一个新的等位突变体.我们的结果暗示小穗和水稻叶腋分枝的发育受相同的遗传途径调控.     

水稻穗长基因PAL3的克隆及自然变异分析

穗型是决定水稻(Oryza sativa)产量的关键因素之一。我们从粳稻品种圣稻808 (SD808)的EMS诱变突变体库中发现4份短穗突变体, 这些突变体的穗长、一级枝梗数、二级枝梗数和穗粒数发生不同程度的降低。基因定位和图位克隆表明, 这些突变体的表型受同一基因控制, 将该基因命名为PAL3 (PANICLE LENGTH3)。PAL3编码一个含12个跨膜结构域的多肽转运蛋白。pal3-1和pal3-2的点突变造成保守区域的氨基酸发生非同义突变; pal3-3的点突变造成第1外显子和内含子拼接错误; pal3-4的点突变造成蛋白翻译提前终止, 导致第12个跨膜域缺失。对PAL3进行单倍型分析, 共鉴定出9个单倍型(Hap1-Hap9), 其中Hap1-Hap3为主要单倍型。Hap1以粳稻为主, Hap2同时包含籼稻和粳稻, Hap3则以籼稻为主。Hap1起源于普通野生稻(O. rufipogon), Hap2和Hap3可能起源于一年生普通野生稻(O. nivara)。统计分析结果表明, Hap3的穗长显著高于Hap1和Hap2, 其具有提高穗长的潜力。该研究揭示了多肽转运蛋白对水稻穗型的重要调控作用, 为水稻穗型改良奠定了理论基础。     

水稻穗型突变体cl的鉴定、保护与遗传分析

通过神州八号飞船搭载广东省常规优质稻主导品种粤农丝苗获得一个稳定遗传的穗型突变体cl,中文名为粤花占1号,2015年完成农业部植物新品种权的申请工作(申请号:20151728.8,公告号:CNA014491E)。该突变体农艺性状与野生型极为相似,熟色好,产量高,但表现出异常的花序结构,一次枝梗数增加,二次枝梗、小穗梗长度严重缩短,枝梗顶端小穗3粒簇生在一起。进一步的细胞学观测发现,差异主要源自幼穗分化的第3期到第4期发育异常所致。遗传分析表明该性状由非完全显性单基因控制,BSA性状定位法初步将该基因定位于染色体6,命名为CL-6。本研究的结果为进一步精细定位和克隆CL-6基因、找到控制水稻幼穗枝梗伸长缩短的功能基因或调控因子奠定基础,同时为培育理想穗型水稻和观赏农业提供优良种质。     

水稻穗发芽突变体的筛选及候选基因鉴定

水稻穗发芽是一种多发性的自然灾害,给水稻生产造成了严重的经济损失。由于穗发芽机制还不完全清楚,如何培育抗穗发芽的水稻品种,已成为世界性的难题。本研究利用水稻甲基磺酸乙酯诱变突变体库,通过田间筛选,获得9个水稻穗发芽突变体。并对其中2个突变体进行研究,利用基于基因组重测序的SIMM方法和高分辨率溶解曲线分析技术,分别获得其穗发芽候选基因LOC_Os03g08570和LOC_Os07g10490。LOC_Os03g08570编码一个八氢番茄红素脱氢酶,LOC_Os07g10490编码一个ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶,它们都参与脱落酸前体类胡萝卜素的合成。本研究的结果进一步证明类胡萝卜素的合成在水稻休眠中的关键作用。同时,本研究获得的这些穗发芽突变体为后续深入研究水稻穗发芽的分子机制及开展分子设计育种提供了宝贵材料。     

水稻矮化小穗突变d18新等位基因的发现及生理功能分析

株高和穗型是决定水稻产量密切相关的农艺性状.本研究从粳稻品种台北309经甲基磺酸乙酯诱变的群体中分离出一个能稳定遗传的矮化小穗突变体,主要表现矮化、粒长增加而宽度变小和穗型变小等特点.遗传分析表明,该突变体受单隐性核基因控制.定位于水稻第1号染色体的Indel标记P4和P5之间,物理距离约为20 kb.由于该区间只有一个已经克隆的矮化基因Dwarf18(d18),其功能编码赤霉素3β-羟化酶(GA3ox2).所以,表明突变基因与d18可能等位.测序比对发现,该突变基因的第2个外显子发生了1个碱基(G)的缺失,造成无义突变,实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,OsGA3ox2基因在突变体中表达量显著下降.因此,将该突变基因暂命名为d18-1.组织切片观察结果显示,与野生型相比,突变体的茎部倒三节间纵向细胞长度显著变短,但细胞数目增多.生理功能结果分析表明,突变体对外源激素GA更敏感,但对外源激素BR不如野生型敏感.检测与GA和BR生物合成与信号传导途径相关基因的表达结果发现,与野生型相比,在突变体中参与GA失活基因OsGA2ox3出现了下调表达,GA生物合成相关基因OsGA20ox2和OsGA3ox2也出现了下调表达,GA信号传导途径中的关键基因都没有明显的差异表达变化.另外,参与BR的合成或者信号传导途径的大部分相关基因在突变体中的表达都出现了下调.由此证明,突变体矮化是由于GA激素的不能正常合成所导致,并且对外源活性BR的响应通路受损而造成对BR激素的低敏感反应.另外,对孕穗期的野生型和突变体的幼穗进行转录组测序分析表明,与野生型相比,突变体检测到1497个差异表达基因,这些差异基因涉及苯丙素的生物合成、糖代谢和碳代谢等.因此,推测突变体中的OsGA3ox2基因发生了无义突变影响了GA和BR生物合成与信号传导途径以及穗型发育相关调控途径,这为更深入研究调控水稻矮化以及穗型的遗传网络提供了新的信息.     

抗赤霉病小麦地方品种黄方柱和海盐种EMS突变体的变异分析

突变体对增加小麦资源的遗传多样性,克隆和解析重要农艺、产量和抗性相关基因具有重要的意义。本研究以高抗赤霉病小麦品种黄方柱(HFZ)及其11个甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱导的纯合突变体(F2~F12,Mu4),以及海盐种(HYZ)及其12个EMS纯合突变体(Y2~Y13,Mu4)为材料,在扬花期利用单花滴注鉴定赤霉病扩展抗性,灌浆期测定了分蘖数、株高、旗叶长、旗叶宽、叶绿素含量,收获后测定千粒重、粒长、粒宽、每穗小穗数和每穗粒数共计11个性状。每一个突变体至少在一个性状上与野生型存在显著差异。黄方柱突变系F6、F9和F12以及海盐种突变系Y6、Y7和Y9病小穗率均显著高于相应野生型,达中感或高感水平,因此,这6个突变体是研究赤霉病扩展抗性的理想材料。此外,海盐种突变体株高、千粒重、每穗粒数和粒宽均低于或显著低于野生型。对野生型和突变体采用了基于最小组内平方和距离的动态聚类分析方法,综合评价了野生型与突变体以及突变体相互之间的相似情况。株高等农艺性状显著优于野生型但赤霉病抗性与野生型类似的突变体(如F2、F7、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y8、Y10和Y12)可为农艺性状的遗传研究和抗赤育种亲本选配提供重要的资源。     

水稻穗型的遗传调控研究进展

穗型作为水稻(Oryza sativa)重要的农艺性状,近年来一直是研究热点。该文简要介绍了水稻穗部发育的一般过程,总结了近年来发现的调控水稻穗型相关基因,并根据水稻幼穗发育过程将其分为4类:分别调控枝梗分生组织的形成、枝梗分生组织的大小、小穗分生组织的转变时间以及枝梗的伸长;并概括分析了上述基因在调控水稻幼穗发育过程中所呈现出的路径关系。最后对水稻穗型遗传调控研究的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

咸阳大穗麦84(加)79-3-1的引种研究

在福建不同生态区对陕西咸阳大穗麦84(加)7931进行了3年引种研究。结果表明,该品种为春性,其幼穗分化发育进程及生育期与福建品种类似,可以正常抽穗成熟;矮秆大穗,株高80～88cm,穗长18～20cm,每穗22～23个小穗46～48粒,千粒重50～60g,小穗排列稀疏,顶部小穗较易退化,分蘖力较弱,单株成穗数少;较耐肥,在高肥条件下产量可达6000kg·hm^-2,比对照增产20%左右;耐旱性和耐湿性较差,抗锈病,中抗白粉病,重感赤霉病;在福建沿海高产区可搭配种植,并可作为大穗亲本在育种上应用.     

一个水稻畸形颖壳突变体ah的鉴定及其突变性状的遗传分析

水稻畸形颖壳突变体ah是双胚苗品系W2555中自然突变产生的。该突变体的内外稃畸形,退化;雄蕊雌蕊化,雌蕊败育;浆片同源转化为类内外稃的结构,推测该突变体可能影响B功能基因的正常发育。与野生型相比,突变体的小穗分支稀疏,每级枝梗上颖花数目减少,一般为4～6朵;小穗顶端的颖花经常不能成熟,表现为颖花始终泛白,不能转绿,因此该突变也影响花序分生组织的发育。进一步的研究证明,该突变体的发育受外界环境的影响。突变性状的遗传分析表明,该突变体由单隐性基因控制。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.