葡萄新品种‘黑美人’的选育

‘黑美人’是从美人指的实生种子播种获得后代中选出的优质中熟葡萄新品种。该品种平均穗重850 g,平均粒重9.5 g,果粒长椭圆形,蓝黑色,果粉浓,果实可溶性固形物17.5%~19.5%,果肉较软,每果粒含种子1~3粒,在江苏张家港地区,8月中旬果实成熟。     

套袋对番石榴果实品质的影响

以新世纪番石榴品种为试材,研究套袋对番石榴果实品质的影响。结果表明,套袋可加速番石榴果实发育,明显增加果实大小和重量;透明和红色套袋对果实可溶性固形物含量影响不大,黑色套袋降低了果实可溶性固形物含量;套袋使果皮光滑,病虫害显著减少,并改善了果实着色。     

葡萄新品种——‘藤玉’的选育

‘藤玉’是从‘藤稔’和‘紫玉’的杂交后代中选出的优质中熟葡萄新品种。该品种平均穗质量875 g,平均粒质量15.38 g,最大粒重25.8 g。果粒近圆形,紫红-紫黑色,可溶性固形物16.5%~19%,果肉中等脆,每果粒含种子1~2粒。在张家港地区,8月上旬浆果成熟。植株生长势强。芽眼萌发率为83.33%,结果枝占芽眼总数66.67%,每果枝平均着生果穗数1.25个。此品种抗逆性强,易于管理。     

‘火州黑玉’葡萄杂交后代果实性状遗传倾向分析

为了探索‘火州黑玉’葡萄果实性状遗传规律,2013~2014年,对‘火州黑玉’为母本的3个组合198个杂交后代的果实性状(包括核性、果色、香味、质地、可溶性固形物含量、果粒重和果粒形状)进行了分析研究。结果表明:后代中胚败育型株系占77.3%,有香味株系仅1个;杂交后代的果色、质地、可溶性固形物含量、果粒重、果形指数呈现数量遗传性状且连续广泛分离;果粒表现无核、深果色、脆肉、小粒、圆形等性状具有遗传倾向;可溶性固形物含量遗传较复杂。研究认为,‘火州黑玉’葡萄能将无核、深果色、脆质地、圆果形等性状以很强优势传递给F1代,但很难出现有香味株系;果粒呈变小趋势,但存在有选择大果型株系的潜力。     

鲜食葡萄品种资源果实数量性状变异及概率分级

为了更好地对葡萄种质资源进行评价研究,丰富数量化、规范化的葡萄种质资源描述系统内涵,对国家果树种质资源圃太谷葡萄圃114份鲜食有核葡萄品种的果实主要数量性状（果穗长度、果穗宽度、果穗重量、果粒纵径、果粒横径、果粒重量、果穗大小、果粒大小等指标）进行分析研究,结果表明,以上8个性状变异系数均在17%以上,果粒重量变异系数最大,为48.05%;果穗宽度变异系数最小,为17.58%;果穗重量的变异幅度最大,为100.0 g～1030.0 g,变异系数为41.28%;果粒横径的变异幅度最小,为1.3～3.5 cm,变异系数为20.82%。同时K-S检验表明,8个数量性状的Sig值均大于0.05,符合正态分布。对符合正态分布的数量性状统一用（X-1.2818S）、（X-0.5246S）、（X+0.5246S）、（X+1.2818S）4个点分为5级,使1～5级出现的频率分别为10%、20%、40%、20%和10%。该研究为葡萄种质资源果实性状的描述规范和数据标准化的建立提供了参考。     

植物生长调节剂对‘火焰无核’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响

为了探究S-ABA、MeJA、COR 3种植物生长调节剂对‘火焰无核’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响，筛选出促进葡萄果实着色和品质提升的最佳处理，设置100 mg/L S-ABA、60 mg/L MeJA、2 000倍COR稀释液3个处理，于转色初期蘸穗，处理后至成熟期分7次采样，对果实粒重、纵横径以及可溶性固形物、总酸、花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和酚类物质含量等进行连续测定分析。结果表明：(1)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理均可以促进果实着色，显著提高果面色泽参数a^*、红色葡萄果实颜色指数(CIRG),并降低色泽参数L^*、b^*和色度角h;3个处理花色苷含量分别比对照显著提高169.09%、31.55%、142.27%。(2)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理均可以提高果实品质，其可溶性固形物含量分别比对照显著提高9.17%、7.45%、9.74%,总酸含量分别降低6.81%、4.14%、9.25%,固酸比分别提高17.90%、12.16%、20.82%。(3)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理的果实粒重、纵径、横径增大，类黄酮...     

果袋类型对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响

以‘紫金红霞’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前分别进行5种不同类型果袋(白色纸袋、无纺布 白纸双层袋、绿色纸袋、蓝色纸袋、棕色纸袋)套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,测定不同发育时期葡萄果实的单果重、果粒纵横径、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸,及总花色苷含量等生理指标,并利用qRT PCR技术分析不同发育时期花色苷合成相关基因的表达水平,探索不同类型果袋对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质、花色苷含量及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响。结果表明：(1)白色、蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可溶性固形物含量的升高,蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可滴定酸含量的降低。(2)套袋处理会使果实色泽指数显著降低,除无纺布 白纸双层袋未显著降低成熟期果皮中花色苷含量外,其他套袋处理均显著降低了果皮中总花色苷含量。(3)套袋处理对6个花色苷合成相关基因的表达主要表现为抑制作用,但无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期F3′H和UFGT基因的表达、白色纸袋对成熟期MYBA1、DFR和LDOX基因的表达则具有促进作用。研究发现,无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期果实的内在品质和果皮着色影响最小,可用于‘紫金红霞’果实套袋,其次为白色和绿色纸袋;蓝色和棕色纸袋可使葡萄果实的品质大幅降低,故不可用于实际生产中葡萄果实的套袋。     

ABA信号通路对葡萄果皮花青苷生物合成的调控机制研究

以‘红巴拉多’葡萄为试验材料,在转色前期(约花后6周)用300 mg/L的ABA对果穗进行处理,以清水处理为对照;测定不同发育时期葡萄果实的单果重、可滴定酸、可溶性固性物等生理指标,同时测定果皮中总花青苷及ABA含量;检测不同发育时期果皮中ABA信号通路和花青苷生物合成相关基因表达量,克隆6个与花青苷生物合成相关基因的启动子,并预测启动子中的顺式作用元件,在转录调控水平上探讨ABA信号通路对葡萄果皮花青苷生物合成的调控作用。结果表明:(1)ABA处理的葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量明显提高、可滴定酸含量下降。(2)ABA处理显著提高了‘红巴拉多’葡萄果皮的着色水平以及总花青苷和ABA含量。(3)ABA处理后,9个ABA信号通路基因以及6个花青苷生物合成相关基因表达水平明显提高。(4)6个花青苷生物合成相关基因的启动子序列中均含有多个与ABA响应相关的ABRE作用元件。研究发现,9个ABA信号通路基因可能在葡萄果皮着色中发挥着重要作用,其中2个VvABFs转录因子可能直接作用于含有ABRE元件的花青苷生物合成相关基因的启动子序列,推测可通过调控这些基因的转录水平来调控葡萄果皮花青苷的积累。     

外源ALA对克瑞森无核葡萄叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以日光温室栽培的欧亚葡萄品种克瑞森无核为试验材料,在果实膨大期和始熟期采用不同浓度(50、100和150mg·L~(-1))5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)喷施叶片和果穗,研究外源ALA处理对葡萄叶片光合特性、果实着色效果及果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)各浓度ALA处理后葡萄叶片胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)都有不同程度的增加,并以100mg·L~(-1) ALA处理效果最好。(2)50~150mg·L~(-1) ALA处理均能不同程度提高葡萄果皮花青素、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,且各ALA处理的果实可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,但可滴定酸含量低于对照。(3)100和150mg·L~(-1) ALA处理能够显著改善果实成熟期的着色参数,且果实着色指数(CIRG)与花青素的积累呈现出良好的一致性。研究发现,在葡萄果实膨大期及始熟期喷施适宜浓度(100mg·L~(-1))ALA能够有效提高叶片光合性能,同时促进果实着色,显著改善果实外观色泽和果实品质。     

“赤霞珠”葡萄营养系果实中黄酮类物质变化研究

黄酮类物质是葡萄与葡萄酒中重要的生理活性物质,对葡萄酒的感官品质起决定作用。以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)5个营养系为试验材料,分析黄酮类物质的含量差异,为提高黄土高原产区葡萄酒品质提供材料。结果表明:在转色后80 d时"赤霞珠"葡萄营养系可溶性固性物和可滴定酸含量差异不显著,而CS191平均单粒重显著高于其他4个营养系。CS191在转色后80 d时,果皮和种子中总类黄酮、原花色素含量显著高于其他营养系。在转色后80 d时,营养系间果皮中黄烷醇含量差异不显著,但此时期CS170果皮中黄烷醇含量显著高于其他4个营养系。CS191在完熟时果实中总类黄酮和原花色素含量高于其他营养系,CS170果皮中黄烷醇和花色苷含量较其他营养系含量高,均可作为黄土高原地区栽培的高黄酮物质含量的"赤霞珠"品系。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.