唇形科苣叶鼠尾草的新分布及适生分布区预测

在野外调查的基础上,报道了苣叶鼠尾草在贵州和广西的省级新分布。基于苣叶鼠尾草16个分布数据和11个环境因子参数,运用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对其适生分布区进行预测,并通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线对模型精度进行验证。结果表明:(1)ROC曲线下面积(AUC)均值为0.999,模型预测结果准确性较高,适合苣叶鼠尾草的潜在适生区预测。苣叶鼠尾草的适生区主要分布于中国西南地区以及与中国南部相邻国家的部分地区。核心适宜区集中在中国滇黔桂、四川东部和滇东南中越边境的石灰岩山区。(2)刀切法(Jackknife)检测结果表明,影响苣叶鼠尾草适生分布区的主要环境因子包括:最暖季降水量、最冷月最低温、平均气温日较差以及最冷季降水量等。适生区环境因子的统计分析结果显示,苣叶鼠尾草适宜生长在最暖季降水量650~1500 mm、最冷月最低温0~10℃、平均气温日较差6.5~8.5℃、最冷季降水量0~250 mm的地区。研究结果可为苣叶鼠尾草的资源调查和相关研究提供有利依据。     

中国毛葡萄和刺葡萄分布的气候适宜性

毛葡萄和刺葡萄是起源于中国且用于葡萄酒酿造的两大野生葡萄品种。本研究基于已有中国毛葡萄和刺葡萄的气候影响因子研究成果,利用最大熵原理从充分性与必要性方面确定了影响中国毛葡萄和刺葡萄种植分布的主导气候因子,并基于这些因子综合作用反映的毛葡萄和刺葡萄种植分布的存在概率分析了中国毛葡萄和刺葡萄分布区的气候适宜性。结果表明: 影响中国毛葡萄、刺葡萄分布的主导气候因子是年日照时数、开花期5月降水量、年极端最低气温、最冷月平均气温。中国毛葡萄、刺葡萄气候高适宜区分布在湖南西部和南部、广西中北部、贵州东南部、重庆中部。气候高适宜区、适宜区、低适宜区面积分别占研究区域总面积的2%、14%和16%。毛葡萄、刺葡萄气候适宜及以上区域的年日照时数阈值为1200～1800 h,年极端最低气温-8 ℃以上,最冷月平均气温阈值为2～13 ℃,5月降水量为110～320 mm。     

基于MaxEnt模型预测梅的潜在适生区分布

目的：确定影响梅分布的主要环境因子,并预测当前与未来条件下梅的适生区。方法：收集172份梅分布点的32个环境因子数据,构建MaxEnt模型,筛选影响梅生长的主导环境因子,结合地理信息系统（ArcGIS10.8）绘制梅目前与未来的适生区分布预测图。结果：影响梅分布的主要环境因子有5个（最冷月最低气温、年降水量、最暖季降水量、年温差与最干燥月降水量）;其中最冷月最低气温对梅生存概率影响最大,当最冷月最低气温约10.1℃时梅适生概率最大,达到71.47%。模拟当前气候环境下,梅的高适生区、中适生区和低适生区面积分别占全国总面积的7.78%、17.01%与7.73%。目前高适宜区主要分布在广东、广西、四川、云南、贵州、重庆、浙江与台湾等省,在SSP1-2.6与SSP5-8.5下,梅适宜面积（潜在高适生与中适生区）在2021至2060年期间,呈现波浪式增加和北移的趋势,分别为当前的101.85%和102.28%。结论：本研究结果可为梅资源的可持续利用,以及梅人工种植的合理布局与区划研究提供科学依据。     

基于MaxEnt模型预测黄脊竹蝗在中国的适生区

为探明黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu在我国的潜在适生区,做好早期虫情监测.本研究根据267个黄脊竹蝗物种分布点,结合气候数据,采用最大熵(Maxent)模型和ArcGIS预测黄脊竹蝗在我国的适生区分布.结果表明:影响黄脊竹蝗适生区分布的主要环境变量为最干月降水量和最冷月最低温,次要环境变量为湿季降水量、最热月最高温、降水量季节性变异系数和温度年较差.预测的黄脊竹蝗高适生区、中适生区、低适生区分别占全国陆地总面积的3.0％、5.6％和10.3％,适生区主要分布在江淮流域、长江中下游地区、华南及西南等地.模型预测结果与实际调查一致性较高,能够反映真实分布情况,对科学开展黄脊竹蝗防控具有较高参考价值.     

蒙古栎地理分布的主导气候因子及其阈值

基于影响植物功能型分布的6个气候变量:年均降水量、气温年较差、最冷月温度、最暖月温度、大于5℃积温和湿润指数,结合蒙古栎地理分布资料,根据最大熵模型和各气候变量对蒙古栎地理分布的贡献,确定了影响蒙古栎地理分布的主导气候因子,即年均降水量、气温年较差、大于5℃积温和最暖月温度;利用模拟的蒙古栎地理分布概率与主导气候因子的关系给出了各主导气候因子的阈值,即年均降水量330-910 mm、气温年较差大于29℃、大于5 ℃有效积温为1200-3500℃·d、最暖月温度为17-26℃.     

不同气候条件下桫椤在中国的潜在适生区分布

桫椤（Alsophila spinulosa）对研究物种形成和植物地理区系、重建侏罗纪古生态环境、研究地质变迁具有重要参考价值。依据现有189个桫椤分布样点和21个环境数据,应用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）和地理信息系统（GIS）软件预测末次间冰期、末次冰盛期、中全新世、现今以及未来（2070年）气候条件下桫椤潜在适生区影响因素、空间分布和变化规律。结果表明：1）桫椤潜在适生概率（P）高于0.5的环境条件为：昼夜温差月均值低于7.6℃、最冷月最低温为3-10℃、年温变化在21.5-27.5℃范围,年降水量1200-2100 mm、最干月降水量16-46 mm、降雨量变化方差在57-76区间,海拔160-800 m,坡度12-28°之间;末次间冰期至末次冰盛期,桫椤潜在适生区主要受最冷月最低温（高于-3℃）和最干月降水量（高于10 mm）影响,中全新世至2070年,还同时受降雨量变化方差（大于50）影响;2）桫椤潜在适生区主要位于中国约32°20''N以南的热带亚热带山地,末次间冰期至末次冰盛期,桫椤潜在适生区中心由广东中部向西北方向移动至广西北部且距离最远,末次冰盛期至2070年则由广西北部向东北方向的湖南西部移动;末次间冰期至2070年,II（0.1 < P < 0.3）、III（0.3 < P < 0.5）级潜在适生区平均海拔总体升高,在现今气候下达到最大、之后降低,IV（0.5 < P < 0.7）、V（P > 0.7）级潜在适生区平均海拔先升高、随后呈波浪状升降趋势;3）末次间冰期至2070年,潜在适生区总面积、III、IV、V级潜在适生区面积均增多,在现今气候下达到最大,之后有所减少,II级潜在适生区面积在末次间冰期至中全新世增多,中全新世至现今减少、随后增多;各级潜在适生区面积在海拔约300-400 m处达最大值;约77%-98%的II-V级潜在适生区分布于海拔1200 m以下,约81%-97%的IV、V级潜在适生区分布于海拔800 m以下。本文研究结果可为保护桫椤应对气候变暖、引种栽培和保护区选址提供参考。     

中国连香树(Cercidiphyllum japonicum)生态适宜区及种群特征

连香树为国家二级保护植物,其种群自然更新困难且分布不连续。预测其潜在适生区可为划定不同区域连香树的保护和管理单元提供科学依据。本文根据连香树在中国的地理分布数据,结合22个环境因子,应用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测连香树在中国的潜在适生区,同时对比分析不同区域的连香树种群结构特征,探讨影响连香树现状分布及种群特征的生态因子。结果表明:连香树的潜在适生区主要集中于四川盆地西部边缘地区、神农架地区、秦巴山脉地区以及华东孤立的山地;气候因子和地形因子共同影响着连香树的分布,年均降水量、最冷月最低温、坡度和海拔对连香树潜在适生区影响最大;经主成分排序分析,11个调查地点的种群大致可划分为3组,即秦岭-大巴山脉种群、四川盆地西部边缘种群、中国东部地区种群;种群密度和存活率与环境因子的关系随连香树的不同生长阶段发生变化,连香树种群特征在生长前期与气候因子的相关性较强。     

基于MaxEnt模型的中国鲜食杏气候适宜性区划

基于中国鲜食杏地理分布数据和1981—2020年全国2303个气象站点的逐日气象观测数据,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和GIS技术,在综合考虑热量条件、水分条件、光照条件、耐受极端天气/灾害程度、地形条件等自然要素的基础上,确定了影响中国鲜食杏地理分布的主导环境因子,根据自然断点分级法将中国鲜食杏气候适宜性划分为高适宜区、较适宜区、次适宜区和不适宜区4个等级,厘定不同区划等级的主导环境因子阈值。结果表明：影响我国鲜食杏地理分布的主导环境因子为年降水量、海拔、春霜冻概率和最冷月平均气温;鲜食杏种植的适生区主要集中在华北、黄土高原、西北和西南地区,与我国鲜食杏地理标志产品的产地吻合较好,其中鲜食杏的高适宜区集中分布在我国的黄土高原、黄河故道和环渤海湾地区。本研究可为合理规划我国鲜食杏生产布局提供科学依据。     

基于MaxEnt模型的贵州省楠木潜在适生区预测

为揭示楠木(Phoebe zhennan)在贵州省潜在分布特征及其对环境因子的响应模式，该研究基于楠木在贵州省的地理分布点，运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)与地理信息系统(ArcGIS)方法，结合气候、土壤及地形等30个环境因子，预测楠木在贵州省的潜在适生区，并分析了影响楠木生长的主要环境因子。结果表明：(1) MaxEnt模型AUC平均值为0.843,对贵州省楠木地理分布预测结果良好；楠木潜在适生区呈现以贵州省东北为重点区，从北到南、由东向西适生等级依次降低的趋势，高适生区主要在黔东北铜仁市、黔北遵义市中东部。(2)楠木在贵州省的潜在分布面积为80 013.47 km²,占全省总面积的45.4%,其中高适生区面积占全省总面积的17.4%。(3)等温性(Bio3)、最暖季度降水量(Bio18)、最湿月降水量(Bio13)、最干月降水量(Bio14)、最冷月最低温(Bio6)和温度季节性变动系数(Bio4)等是影响楠木在贵州省潜在分布的重要环境因子。该研究结果为贵州省楠木资源保护区划、种苗扩繁、造林推广与开发利用提供了科学依据。     

基于植物大化石定量重建云南景谷早中新世古气候*

运用叶缘分析法(LMA)、气候叶相分析多变量程序(CLAMP)和共存因子分析法(CA)定量重建云南景谷中新世植物群的古气候。对不同方法的结果进行分析比较和交叉验证,得出景谷古气候主要参数:年均温为16.0±1.3℃、最暖月均温为26.3±1.5℃、最冷月均温为6.2±2.6℃、生长季为8.6±0.7个月、生长季降雨量为1 492±218mm、连续3个最湿月降水为701±139mm和连续3个最干月降水为170±41mm。这些数据反映了景谷中新世气候应属于南-中亚热带气候类型。同时,该植物群含有大量热带植物区系成分,也支持这一结论。另外,景谷地区早中新世温度、降水量季节性差异可能暗示了当时已经出现较弱的季风信号,但强烈的典型季风气候体系在当时可能尚未建立。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.