可见-近红外光谱结合化学计量学认证有机胡萝卜、绿色胡萝卜和无公害胡萝卜（英文）

在快速发展的中国,有机食品、绿色食品和无公害食品在产地环境、生产规程、加工、包装,尤其是生产资料的使用等方面都有严格区分,导致检验和认证需要花费大量的人力、物力、财力和时间。因此我们需要一种方便、精确的检测技术。基于化学计量学,本研究首次利用可见-近红外反射光谱快速检测有机胡萝卜、绿色胡萝卜和无公害胡萝卜。选择最佳区间(650-700 nm),三种分类模型包括主成分分析结合k均值聚类、主成分分析结合线性判别分析、反向传播神经网络鉴别126个胡萝卜样本的准确率分别为93.65%、100%,和98.41%。结果表明,可见-近红外光谱结合化学计量学技术可以有效地验证有机胡萝卜、绿色胡萝卜和无污染胡萝卜。为质量检验机构提供了一个可行的检测方法,从而促进包括有机食品、绿色食品、无公害食品等安全食品的发展。     

近红外光谱技术在食品产地溯源中的应用进展

食品产地溯源是食品安全追溯制度的重要工作。近红外光谱技术(near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)作为一种兼具快速、简便、不破坏试样、分析过程无试剂消耗等优点的新兴绿色检测技术,近年来被逐步应用于食品产地溯源的研究中。简要介绍了应用于食品产地溯源研究中近红外光谱技术常用的化学计量学技术及软件平台,同时概述了近年来该技术在国内外食品产地溯源中的研究进展,分析了在目前产地溯源研究中的优势和存在的问题,以期为近红外光谱溯源技术的进一步发展提供参考。     

有机食品、绿色食品和无公害食品

介绍了有机食品、绿色食品和无公害食品的内涵及标准体系,并进行了分析比较。     

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的野生战骨红外指纹图谱比较研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪检测不同产地战骨的红外光谱,并通过主成分分析模型,聚类分析以及主成分载荷因子等化学计量学方法,对不同产地样本进行鉴别,找出不同产地样本化学组成的差异.结果表明:(1)在主成分分析模型检测产地中广西平果县和扶绥县产地相距最近,在三维图上的距离也最近,广西天峨县与扶绥县和田阳县相距较远,在散点图上的...     

紫外指纹图谱结合化学计量学对黄精基原植物的鉴别

运用紫外光谱技术结合化学计量学,建立快速鉴别不同基原黄精的方法。通过单因素实验确定黄精最佳提取溶剂、时间和用量,制备测试液,采用紫外光谱技术建立3种基原黄精的紫外指纹图谱,光谱数据转化后进行主成分(PCA)和系统聚类分析(HCA)。该方法重现性、精密度、稳定性较好,结果表明不同种类黄精紫外指纹图谱具有指纹特性,3种基原植物黄精紫外光谱图在210 nm、220 nm、280 nm附近差异明显;聚类分析和主成分分析三维投影图反映出不同种类黄精的化学成分积累具有差异,能较好地区分滇黄精(Polygonatum kingianum)、黄精(P. sibiricum)与多花黄精(P. cyrtonema)。紫外光谱结合化学计量学能快速鉴别不同种类黄精,可作为黄精的鉴别和质量控制新方法,为黄精临床应用、资源开发及黄精属植物分类提供辅助方法。     

种子无刺毛野生胡萝卜雄性不育材料的创制与鉴定

胡萝卜雄性不育使得胡萝卜杂交优势得以利用,而种子刺毛严重影响胡萝卜播种质量和效率。通常,需要在播种前去除胡萝卜种子的刺毛。胡萝卜种子无刺毛雄性不育材料对于胡萝卜遗传育种有重要的意义。本研究利用从武汉洪山地区野生胡萝卜(武野)筛选到的雄性不育材料(武野-不育)和筛选到的种子无刺毛材料(武野-无毛)进行杂交和后代筛选,获得了种子无刺毛的雄性不育材料(命名为武野-雄无毛)。武野-雄无毛材料为典型的瓣化型雄性不育,其叶片、叶柄、茎等表现出光滑无茸毛,植株颜色为深绿色。在育性线粒体基因上,武野-雄无毛只含有短片段的atp6基因,不含长片段的atp6基因。武野-雄无毛与武野及栽培胡萝卜黑田五寸杂交,种子均表现出无刺毛特征,且获得的杂交种发芽所需时间短于武野和黑田五寸。     

近红外光谱技术快速检测原料乳中掺杂物

采用近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法,对原料乳中常见的2种掺杂物——大豆分离蛋白与植脂末进行定量分析研究。先通过不同光谱预处理方法结合偏最小二乘法（PLS）建模评价不同预处理方法的效果,结果表明通过平滑处理结合多元散射校正（MSC）进行光谱预处理效果最佳,大豆分离蛋白PLS定量模型相关系数（R2）与交叉验证均方差（RMSECV）分别为0.980 9、0.127 5,植脂末PLS模型分别为0.972 2、0.130 8。随后比较了不同建模方法的效果,结果发现：采用径向基神经网络（RBF）对大豆分离蛋白的建模效果最佳,R2为0.999 4,测试集均方根误差为0.003 1;采用广义回归神经网络（GRNN）方法对植脂末建模效果最佳,R2为0.998 9,测试集均方根误差为0.004 5。因此,合理结合近红外光谱技术与化学计量学方法可快速、准确检测原料乳中大豆分离蛋白和植脂末这2种掺杂物含量。     

胡萝卜优良品种比较试验

在厦门市翔安区对引进的17个胡萝卜新品种进行比较试验,旨在筛选出适宜当地的、优质高产的胡萝卜品种。结果表明,YZS08-863、YZS09-983两个品种分别比对照SK4-316每hm2增产14.0%、28.5%,成熟期提前15～20 d,综合性状表现较为突出,适宜推广应用。     

从胡萝卜与芹菜原生质体融合获得细胞杂种

试验以胡萝卜根和芹菜叶肉原生质体为亲本,用PEG高pH,高Ca~( )法诱导融合。异源融合率最高可达8％,一般在3％～5％之间。从150余棵融合再生植株中,经形态、同工酶谱、叶片中内含芳香物质等指标测试,鉴定出三棵(No 1,2,8)融合再生植株为芹莱和胡萝卜的细胞杂种。     

绿色食品与普通食品有何区别?

问 :绿色食品与普通食品有何区别 ?答 :绿色食品是无污染的安全、优质和营养类食品的总称。食品所受污染主要有 :工业“三废”污染农田、水源和大气 ;大量化肥和农药的使用 ;食品加工中不适当地使用合成色素、化学添加剂等。这些因素造成化学物质在食品中积聚 ,严重威胁人们的身体健康。1 989年农业部研究制定农业经济与社会发展“八五规划”和2 0 0 0年设想时 ,认为开发无公害污染的食品是一项推动农业经济发展、满足人民需要、治理环境污染的战略措施。由于与环境保护有关的事物都冠之以“绿色”的称号 ,因而将无公害污染的食品定名为“绿…     

Photosynthetic Response of Carrots to Varying Irradiances

Response to irradiance of leaf net photosynthetic rates (P _N) of four carrot cultivars: Cascade, Caro Choice (CC), Oranza, and Red Core Chantenay (RCC) were examined in a controlled environment. Gas exchange measurements were conducted at photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) from 100 to 1 000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ at 20 °C and 350 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹(air). The values of P _N were fitted to a rectangular hyperbolic nonlinear regression model. P _N for all cultivars increased similarly with increasing PAR but Cascade and Oranza generally had higher P _N than CC. None of the cultivars reached saturation at 1 000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The predicted P _N at saturation (P _Nmax) for Cascade, CC, Oranza, and RCC were 19.78, 16.40, 19.79, and 18.11 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. The compensation irradiance (I _c) occurred at 54 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for Cascade, 36 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for CC, 45 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for Oranza, and 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for RCC. The quantum yield among the cultivars ranged between 0.057–0.033 mol(CO₂) mol⁻¹(PAR) and did not differ. Dark respiration varied from 2.66 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for Cascade to 0.85 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for RCC. As P _N increased with PAR, intercellular CO₂ decreased in a non-linear manner. Increasing PAR increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to a peak between 600 and 800 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ followed by a steep decline resulting in sharp increases in water use efficiency. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Copper in carrots by soil type and area in Japan: A baseline study

The copper content in carrots cultivated in the Japanese archipelago was assessed and compared by area and soil type. 373 carrot samples were collected from 232 cities, towns and villages. According to geographical features and vegetation, the sampling sites were divided into 9 provinces and 7 soil types. Copper was measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. There was a significant difference in the mean values of copper in carrots by provinces, but not by soil type. Although the content of copper in the soil was different among soil types, the difference did not influence the content of copper in the carrots. The authors speculate that the low solubility of copper in the soil and the low intake into plant roots from the soil are related to this soil-plant discrepancy.     

Solid Loss of Carrots During Simulated Gastric Digestion

The knowledge of solid loss kinetics of foods during digestion is crucial for understanding the factors that constrain the release of nutrients from the food matrix and their fate of digestion. The objective of this study was to investigate the solid loss of carrots during simulated gastric digestion as affected by pH, temperature, viscosity of gastric fluids, mechanical force present in stomach, and cooking. Cylindrical carrot samples were tested by static soaking method and using a model stomach system. The weight retention, moisture, and loss of dry mass were determined. The results indicated that acid hydrolysis is critical for an efficient mass transfer and carrot digestion. Internal resistance rather than external resistance is dominant in the transfer of soluble solids from carrot to gastric fluid. Increase in viscosity of gastric fluid by adding 0.5% gum (w/w) significantly increased the external resistance and decreased mass transfer rate of carrots in static soaking. When mechanical force was not present, 61% of the solids in the raw carrot samples were released into gastric fluid after 4 h of static soaking in simulated gastric juice. Mechanical force significantly increased solid loss by causing surface erosion. Boiling increased the disintegration of carrot during digestion that may favor the loss of solids meanwhile reducing the amount of solids available for loss in gastric juice. Weibull function was successfully used to describe the solid loss of carrot during simulated digestion. The effective diffusion coefficients of solids were calculated using the Fick’s second law of diffusion for an infinite cylinder, which are between 0.75 × 10⁻¹¹ and 8.72 × 10⁻¹¹ m²/s, depending on the pH of the gastric fluid.     

The effects of re-use of polyethylene glycol priming osmotica upon the development of microbial populations and germination of leeks and carrots

Three batches of leek seeds were osmotically primed successively in the same polyethylene glycol solution in a bubble column at a seed concentration of 100 g/litre for seven days at 15°C. Three batches of carrot seeds were similarly primed in a separate solution for six days at 15°C. The concentration of microorganisms in the solutions increased rapidly during priming of the first seed batch for both seed types, but increases during priming of the second and third batches were small. The seeds were the main source of the microorganisms; priming reduced the numbers of colonies of filamentous fungi and increased those of bacteria and yeasts. The priming treatments improved the percentage germination of the three seed batches of primed carrots and reduced the mean time to germination in both species and the mean time to emergence in compost. Percentage emergence was not affected by priming except in the third batch of primed carrot seed. The presence of large numbers of microorganisms in the priming solutions did not greatly affect seed performance when the same osmoticum was used three times with leeks and twice with carrots. Priming did not affect the number of abnormal seedlings.     

Varietal Response and Estimates of Heritability of Resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in Carrots

With methods developed in this study, varietal responses to M. javanica were evaluated and heritability of resistance of two promising carrot cultivars was estimated. More egg masses were found on root systems inoculated with eggs added to the soil in three holes in 250 cm³ cups than by mixing the inoculum with soil in the cups. A resistant breeding line, CNPH 1437, was discriminated from susceptible cultivar Nova Kuroda with inoculum levels higher than 2,000 eggs per cup. Greenhouse and field results suggested that cultivars Nantes Superior and Shin Kuroda were susceptible, Kuronan was somewhat tolerant, and Brasilia and Tropical were resistant to M. javanica. Nantes Superior or Shin Kuroda yielded less in carbofuran-treated soil (3 kg a.i./ha) than Kuronan, Brasilia, and Tropical did in nontreated soil. However, incorporation of the nematicide greatly increased yields of Kuronan (32%), Brasilia (62%), and Tropical (91%). Primary root galling at the seedling stage was an adequate parameter for resistance evaluation. Estimated heritability were 0.48 ± 0.07 for primary root galling and 0.35 ± 0.08 for egg mass production in Brasilia, and 0.16 ± 0.11 for primary root galling and 0.31 ± 0.09 for egg mass production in Kuronan.     

The Expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT64 Protein in Transgenic Carrots

Oral vaccines produced by transgenic plants would change the traditional means of production and inoculation of vaccines and the cost of vaccine production would be reduced greatly. In the experiments, hypocotyls and cotyledons of carrot (Daucus carota L.var.sativa)were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend) Conn LBA4404 containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf) Lehmann et Neumann MPT64 gene under the control of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. After two days coculture, the explants were transferred to MS selection media which contained different concentrations of kanamycin and carbenicillin. The regenerated plants with kanamycin resistance were obtained through somatic embryogenesis from the embryogenic calli formed on the selection media. Some of the plants have been transplanted and grew well in phytotron. PCR and Southern blot analyses of carrot DNA confirmed that the MPT64 gene has been introduced into the plant genome. The results of Western blot showed that the MPT64 protein have been expressed in some transgenic plants. Therefore, the transgenic plants should provide a valuable tool for the development of edible oral vaccines.     

利用转基因胡萝卜表达肺结核疫苗

利用转基因植物生产研制疫苗,不但可以改变传统的疫苗生产方式和接种手段,而且会大大降低疫苗的生产成本,以胡萝卜（Daucus carota L.var.sativa)无菌幼苗的子叶和下胚轴为外植体,通过携带有３５Ｓ启动子驱动的结核杆菌（Myobacterium tuberculosis(Zopf)Lehmann et Neumann)分泌蛋白ＭＰＹ６４基因的根癌土壤杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefacins (Smith et TOwnsend)(Conn)LBA4404的介导进行转化,在筛选培养基上诱导形成抗性愈伤组织,经胚状体发生途径分化得到抗性苗,植株移栽后生长情况政党。经ＰＣＲ和Ｓouthern等方法鉴定,确认结核杆菌分泌蛋白ＭＰＴ６４基因已整合到胡萝卜的染色体中。Ｗestern检测结果表明,在转基因胡萝卜的蛋白质中含有ＭＰＴ６４分泌蛋白,为进一步研究利用转基因植物研制研制疫苗和防治结核的新型疫苗提供了材料。