温阳化瘀法对月经周期紊乱患者p53,p21,MDM2蛋白表达的影响

目的:通过对月经周期紊乱患者的细胞周期相关基因的表达水平进行分析,得出温阳化瘀法在此病上的治疗效果。方法:选取我院妇科收治的月经周期紊乱患者120例,参照随机原则共分为2组,其中西医治疗组59例,给予醋酸甲羟孕酮片和克罗米芬口服;实验组61例,在西医治疗基础上给予温阳化瘀中药治疗,每日1剂;另外随机选取同期体检健康的60名女性作为正常对照组,在治疗结束后,应用免疫组化方法对全部受试者进行p53、p21以及MDM2蛋白表达检测,同时应用统计学软件对相关结果进行分析。结果:1p53和p21蛋白的阳性表达主要在细胞核,MDM2蛋白阳性表达定位在细胞核和(或)胞质;2正常子宫内膜组织中p53蛋白阳性表达率为(36.67%),p21表达率为(33.33%),显著高于月经周期紊乱患者,中药治疗组的p53蛋白阳性表达率为(19.67%),p21达率为(18.03%),显著高于西医治疗组,P0.05,差异有统计学意义;3正常子宫内膜组织中MDM2蛋白阳性表达率为(1.67%),显著低于月经周期紊乱患者,中药治疗组的MDM2蛋白阳性表达率为(32.77%),显著低于西医治疗组(50.85%),P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论:与健康妇女相比,月经周期紊乱患者的p53和p21蛋白阳性表达率显著降低,MDM2蛋白阳性率显著升高,应用温阳化瘀法能够显著改善月经周期紊乱患者细胞周期相关基因的表达水平。     

360例肺癌患者血清TSGH检测的临床分析

目的探讨肿瘤特异性生长因子(TSGF)在肺癌患者中检测的诊断价值。方法采用TSGF检测试剂对360例确诊肺癌患者、170例肺部良性病患者和30例正常人的血清进行TSGF检测分析。结果360例肺癌患者,检出恶性TSGF,阳性315例,占87.5%;170例肺部良性疾病,阳性24例,占14.1%;30例正常人,阳性0例。其中,肺癌组与各组相比较,差异具有统计学意义。肺癌组的TSGF阳性率明显高于其他各组(P0.01)。结论检测血清TSGF可辅助肺癌的诊断,在正常人体检筛查肺癌中具有一定的价值。     

胃癌患者Sox2蛋白和CTHRC-1蛋白的表达与肿瘤发展密切相关

本研究选取病理科收集的自2016年1月至2016年12月的90例术后胃癌组织标本(胃癌组)、45例癌旁组织标本(对照组),采用免疫组化染色法检测两组标本中的Y框蛋白(Sox2)、胶原三股螺旋重叠蛋白-1表达,并分析其与肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移、浸润深度、分化程度的关系,采用Spearman秩相关检验检测两种蛋白的相互关系,试图探讨胃癌患者癌组织中性别决定区Y框蛋白(Sox2)、胶原三股螺旋重叠蛋白-1(CTHRC-1)的表达及其相关性。研究结果表明:胃癌组的Sox2蛋白阳性表达率63.33%显著低于对照组的93.33%(p<0.05),胃癌组的CTHRC-1蛋白阳性表达率78.89%显著高于对照组的24.44%(p<0.05);胃癌组的Sox2蛋白阳性表达与胃癌的分化程度、发生淋巴结转移具有相关性(p<0.05);胃癌组的CTHRC-1蛋白阳性表达与胃癌的淋巴结转移、TNM分期、肿瘤浸润深度具有显著的相关性(p<0.05);胃癌组的Sox2蛋白与CTHRC-1蛋白呈显著的负相关表达(Spearman相关系数r=-0.322, p=0.002<0.05)。本研究的初步结论表明:胃癌组织中Sox2蛋白低表达和CTHRC-1蛋白高表达,并且与肿瘤发展密切相关,且二者表达呈负相关。     

卵巢上皮肿瘤淋巴转移与血管内皮生长因子C的表达

研究卵巢上皮肿瘤血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)的表达与新生淋巴管和血管生成及肿瘤转移的关系。应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学法,检测卵巢上皮癌、交界性肿瘤和良性肿瘤组织VEGF-CmRNA和蛋白的表达,并结合图像分析,计数血管内皮生长因子受体3(VEGFR-3)阳性脉管数和以CD31标记的微血管密度(MVD)。结果显示,卵巢上皮癌VEGF-CmRNA和蛋白表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD均显著高于交界性肿瘤和良性肿瘤(p<0.05)。卵巢上皮癌组织中,有淋巴结转移患者VEGF-C表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD高于无淋巴结转移患者,临床分期Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者VEGF-C表达阳性率、VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者(p<0.05),VEGF-C阳性表达患者的VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD均显著高于阴性表达患者(p<0.05),VEGFR-3阳性脉管数和MVD呈正相关(p<0.01)。研究提示VEGF-C促进了肿瘤诱导的淋巴管生成和血管生成,在卵巢上皮癌的淋巴转移中起重要作用,VEGF-C可作为判断肿瘤淋巴转移的生物学指标之一。     

Ezrin在胃癌组织中的表达及与Hp-L型感染关系的探讨

目的通过检测胃癌组织中幽门螺杆菌L(Helicobacter pyloriL-form,Hp-L)型感染以及Ezrin的表达情况,探讨Hp-L型、Ezrin在胃癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法 (1)应用革兰染色法和免疫组织化学Elivision法检测80例胃癌组织和40例对照组织中的Hp-L型感染情况。(2)应用免疫组织化学Elivision法检测上述各组织中Ezrin蛋白的表达。(3)应用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测30例新鲜胃癌组织及与其相对应的30例远端切缘正常组织中Ezrin mRNA的表达。结果 (1)胃癌组中革兰染色L型的检出率为80.00%(64/80)、免疫组化Hp-L型阳性率81.25%(65/80),两种方法检测的结果具有一致性(P0.05)。80例胃癌组织中Hp-L型阳性(即革兰染色L型检出阳性和免疫组化Hp-L型抗原表达同时阳性)的病例数为56例,其阳性率为70.00%;对照组中革兰染色L型检出率为22.50%(9/40),免疫组化Hp-L型阳性率40%(16/40)二者检测结果也具有一致性(P0.05)。40例对照组织中Hp-L型阳性例数为9例,其阳性率为22.50%。胃癌组与对照组的Hp-L型阳性率相比,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)胃癌组Hp-L型感染阳性率仅与胃癌的淋巴结转移有关(P0.05),而与其他临床病理因素无关;(3)RT-PCR法和免疫组织化学Elivision法显示胃癌组中Ezrin mRNA及Ezrin蛋白的表达均高于对照组(P0.05),且经统计学分析发现Ezrin表达水平与胃癌细胞的分化程度、浸润深度及淋巴结转移有关(P0.05),而与临床分期、患者的年龄及性别无关(P0.05);(4)胃癌中Hp-L型阳性组的Ezrin蛋白表达阳性率71.43%(40/56)高于Hp-L阴性组54.17%(13/24)(P0.05),且Hp-L型阳性和Ezrin蛋白阳性呈正相关(r=0.456,P0.05)。结论 Hp-L型感染阳性率和Ezrin表达阳性率在胃癌中均较高,二者可能协同促进胃癌的发生发展及浸润转移。     

中国人结肠癌nm23H1基因遗传不稳定性的研究

采用石蜡包埋组织抽提DNA、PCR-单链构象多态性(SSCP)、常规银染、Envision免疫组织化学和Leica-Qwin计算机图像分析等方法,研究中国人17号染色体D17S396位点微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失,对nm23H_1基因表达的影响,阐明nm23H_1基因遗传不稳定性与结肠癌进展的关系,为临床治疗提供实验依据。实验中,30例结肠癌D17S396位点MSI、LOH检出率和nm23H_1蛋白阳性率分别为26.67%、20.00%和53.33%。在肿瘤TNM分期中,Ⅰ+Ⅱ期的MSI检出率和nm23H_1蛋白阳性率分别为43.75%和81.25%,高于Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的7.14%(MSI,p<0.05)和21.43%(nm23H_1,p<0.01)。而LOH检出率在Ⅲ+Ⅳ期35.71%高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期6.25%(p<0.05)。随着结肠癌病理Duke’s分期的升高,LOH检出率呈现增加趋势。nm23H_1蛋白阳性率在管状腺癌组为60.00%,明显高于粘液腺癌组的20.00%(p<0.01)。随着管状腺癌分化程度的升高,其阳性率呈增高趋势。此外,nm23H_1蛋白阳性率在MSI阳性组为75%,也高于MSI阴性组的45.45%(p<0.05)。计算机图像定量分析显示,nm23H_1蛋白在各临床病理参数影响下的表达强度没有差异。实验结果提示MSI和LOH通过相互独立的途径调控散发性结肠癌的进展。LOH多发生于散发性结肠癌的晚期阶段并赋予散发性结肠癌细胞高侵袭、低预后的表型。相反,MSI是散发性结肠癌的早期分子标志,提高结肠癌局部nm23H_1蛋白表达量可有效抑制结肠癌转移并改善散发性结肠癌患者预后。     

新疆维、汉P-gp、MRP1、GST-π与宫颈癌新辅助化疗疗效的相关性研究

目的：探讨新疆维吾尔族及汉族宫颈癌新辅助化疗前后P-gp、MRPI和GST-∏的表达及其与化疗疗效的关系。方法：运用S-P法检测分别检测维吾尔族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织22例和非宫颈鳞癌组织20例,汉族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织30例和非宫颈鳞癌组织30例,新辅助化疗前后P-gP、MRPI和GST-π的表达水平。结果：①新疆维吾尔族正常宫颈、初治宫颈癌组织中P-gp的阳性表达率分别为10%、72.7%;MRP1的阳性表达率分别为20%、40.9%;GST-π的阳性表达率分别为45%、90.9%。P-gp、和MRP1在各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,GST-π差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。②新疆汉族正常宫颈、初治宫颈癌组织中P-gp的阳性表达率分别为10%、56.7%;GST-π的阳性表达率分别为20%、60%,MRP1的阳性表达率分别为40%、86.7%。P-gp、GST-π和MRP1在各组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。③在新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织中：NACT后宫颈癌组织中GST-π阳性表达显著上升（P〈0.05）,有统计学意义。NACT后宫颈癌组织中P-pg、MRP1阳性表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。④在新疆汉族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织中：NACT后宫颈癌组织中P-pg、GST-π阳性表达显著上升（P〈0.05）;有统计学意义。NACT后宫颈癌组织中MRP1阳性表达上升但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。⑤新疆维吾尔族妇女化疗前宫颈鳞癌组织中MRP1及GST-π表达阴性和阳性患者NACT有效率无显著性差异（p〉0.05）,P-gp表达阴性患者NACT有效率显著高于P-gp表达阳性患者NACT有效率（p〈0.05）;⑥汉族化疗前宫颈鳞癌组织中P-gp、GST-π表达阴性患者NACT有效率显著高于P-gp、GST-π表达阳性患者NACT有效率（p〈0.05）;化疗前宫颈鳞癌MRP1表达阴性和阳性患者NACT有效率无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。结论：P-pg和GST-π可作为预测汉族宫颈鳞癌化疗敏感性指标。P-pg可作为预测维吾尔族宫颈鳞癌化疗敏感性指标。     

产后子宫内膜炎与围生期解脲脲原体感染有关

为了探讨围生期支原体感染与产后子宫内膜炎的关系及治疗,本研究选取产后子宫内膜炎患者73例作为观察组,同时选取正常产妇80例作为对照组。通过检测两组解脲脲原体(Uu)和人型支原体(Mh)感染情况,同时给予观察组常规治疗,本研究发现观察组Uu阳性比例为32.88%,明显高于对照组(p<0.05);观察组和对照组Mh阳性差异比较无统计学意义(p>0.05);观察组Uu阳性和Mh阳性产妇发生早产或胎膜早破的比例分别为62.50%和25.00%,明显高于支原体感染阴性产妇(p<0.05);观察组Uu阳性、Mh阳性和阴性患者治疗效果比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05);观察组治疗后Uu阳性率为10.96%,明显较治疗前降低(p<0.05);观察组治疗前后Mh阳性率比较差异不显著(p>0.05)。本研究表明,Uu感染与产后子宫内膜炎发生有一定关系,围生期应加强Uu感染筛查,并及时进行治疗。     

新疆维、汉P-gp、MRP1、GST-π与宫颈癌新辅助化疗疗效的相关性研究*

目的:探讨新疆维吾尔族及汉族宫颈癌新辅助化疗前后P-gp、MRPI和GST-∏的表达及其与化疗疗效的关系。方法:运用S-P法检测分别检测维吾尔族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织22例和非宫颈鳞癌组织20例,汉族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织30例和非宫颈鳞癌组织30例,新辅助化疗前后P-gP、MRPI和GST-π的表达水平。结果:①新疆维吾尔族正常宫颈、初治宫颈癌组织中P-gp的阳性表达率分别为10%、72.7%;MRP1的阳性表达率分别为20%、40.9%;GST-π的阳性表达率分别为45%、90.9%。P-gp、和MRP1在各组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),GST-π差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②新疆汉族正常宫颈、初治宫颈癌组织中P-gp的阳性表达率分别为10%、56.7%;GST-π的阳性表达率分别为20%、60%,MRP1的阳性表达率分别为40%、86.7%。P-gp、GST-π和MRP1在各组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③在新疆维吾尔族妇女宫颈鳞癌组织中:NACT后宫颈癌组织中GST-π阳性表达显著上升(P<0.05),有统计学意义。NACT后宫颈癌组织中P-pg、MRP1阳性表达差异无统计学意义...     

Twist和maspin在乳腺浸润性导管癌及原位癌中水平增高

目的检测浸润性导管癌(infiltrating ductal carcinoma,IDC)中上皮间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)相关标记物Twist蛋白和maspin蛋白的表达,并分析它们之间的相互关系以及临床病理意义。方法收集临床病例325例石蜡包埋IDC、50例导管原位癌以及50例正常乳腺组织,应用免疫组织化学ElivisionTMplus法检测IDC、原位癌和正常乳腺组织中Twist和maspin蛋白的表达。结果 Twist在IDC组、原位癌组、正常对照组中的阳性表达率为55.7%、24.0%、2.0%,表达逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义;maspin蛋白在IDC组、原位癌组和正常对照组中的阳性率分别为40.9%、80.0%、100%,表达逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义。Twist蛋白的表达与IDC组织的淋巴结转移与否及临床分期及术后生存期均有关;随着maspin蛋白的阳性表达率的降低,IDC组织的分化越差、淋巴结易发生转移、临床分期越高,差异有统计学意义,且maspin蛋白阳性表达组患者的生存时间明显高于其阴性表达组患者。Spearman相关分析显示在IDC中,Twist蛋白和maspin蛋白呈负相关。Cox回归分析显示Twist和maspin蛋白的阳性表达以及TNM分期是影响IBC患者术后生存的独立预后因素。结论Twist和maspin蛋白的异常表达可能参与了乳腺癌的发生、发展及转移过程;Twist和maspin可以作为预测IDC患者浸润、转移及预后的标记物。     

Increased JNK1 activity contributes to the upregulation of ApoD in the apocrine secretory gland cells from axillary osmidrosis

Axillary osmidrosis is a benign disorder that causes functional and emotional problems in Asian patients. Recently, ApoD has been identified as an axillary odorant binding protein. The present study was designed to compare the expression of ApoD in normal and osmidrosis subjects. Compared with the normal subjects, osmidrosis subjects had a higher expression of AR and ApoD in the apocrine samples, both at mRNA and protein level. Further study showed that, consistent with the increased ApoD and AR, phosphorylated JNK1 was higher in apocrine samples from axillary osmidrosis subjects, while with no obvious differences of the total expression of JNK1. In the cultured apocrine epithelial cells from normal subjects, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) increased the expression of ApoD in a dose dependent manner, which can be inhibited by the JNK1 inhibitor. In contrast, in the cultured apocrine epithelial cells from axillary osmidrosis subjects, inhibition of JNK1 significantly reduced the expression of ApoD. Taken together, our study here revealed that increased JNK1 activation in the apocrine cells from axillary osmidrosis contributes to the increased ApoD expression, which in turn involved in the process of axillary osmidrosis.     

腋臭患者大汗腺中ApoD和AR的表达水平与气味强度间的关系

目的:明确大汗腺组织中ApoD和AR的表达水平与腋臭患者散发出气味间的关系,阐明两者在腋臭发病中的作用,为腋臭的临床治疗和干预奠定基础。方法:收集在我院整形外科就诊的腋臭病人腋下皮肤组织标本41例。手术前由3名医生共同判断患者腋下气味强度,按照能在≤1 m、≤3 m、≤5 m距离闻及气味把患者分为轻、中、重三组。随机抽取各组标本组织块进行RT-PCR检测,测定ApoD和AR在大汗腺组织中的含量。结果:根据气味强度判定标准,轻、中和重3组患者人数分别为:7人、11人和23人。按照AB 7500 Real-Time PCR系统分析结果所示ApoD相对表达量的等级与气味强度之间有线性关系(P0.05),ApoD相对表达量的等级随着气味强度的增加而升高;AR相对表达量的等级与气味强度之间有线性关系(P0.05),随着气味强度的增加而升高。结论:ApoD和AR的表达量与腋臭气味强度之间有着密切的联系。进一步证实AR可调节大汗腺组织ApoD的表达,为明确腋臭的发病机制提供了理论依据。     

AP-1在腋臭患者发病过程中的作用

目的：腋臭是美容整形外科的常见病,目前发病机制尚不明确,已证实人体大汗腺中的载脂蛋白D（ApoD）在腋臭患者大汗腺中高表达,并且与腋臭的发生密切相关。探明ApoD在大汗腺细胞中的信号转导通路,可以进一步明确其在腋臭发病过程中的作用机制。JNK信号转导通路与多种疾病的发生有关。课题组前期已经做了JNKl对ApoD调控作用的相关研究,证明了在腋臭发病过程中JNK1是通过调控ApoD的转录来上调ApoD的表达。本实验在课题组前期研究基础上,探讨JNKl下游转录因子AP-1是否在JNKl上调ApoD通路中发挥作用。方法：取腋臭志愿者腋区皮肤组织,进行汗腺细胞培养。把汗腺细胞分为5．二氢睾酮处理组、5-二氢睾酮联合姜黄素处理组和空白对照3个组,用姜黄素抑制AP-1的活性,通过Real．timePCR实验方法检测ApoD在姜黄素抑制下的表达变化。结果：在姜黄素的抑制下,ApoD表达明显降低。在体外培养汗腺细胞加入5．二氢睾酮联合姜黄素处理后,ApoD的表达量在mRNA水平低于单独的5-二氢睾酮处理组和正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：姜黄素抑制了AP．1的活化导致ApoD的表达降低。在腋臭的发病过程中,JNKl的下游转录因子AP-1对ApoD有明显的上调作用。AP-1可能在JNKl上调ApoD这条通路中扮演了很重要的角色,它可能是JNK1和ApoD的中间转录因子。     

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of epidermal growth factor in the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

We studied the localization of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands with light microscopic and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. Anti-human EGF (anti-hEGF) polyclonal antiserum and anti-hEGF monoclonal antibody (MAb) were used for the study. Light microscopic immunohistochemistry with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies showed that hEGF-like immunoreactivity was strongly positive in the myoepithelial cells and weakly positive in the secretory cells of eccrine sweat glands. In apocrine sweat glands, it was strongly positive in the secretory cells as well as in the myoepithelial cells. Immunoelectron microscopy with polyclonal antibody showed that hEGF-like immunoreactivity was present in secretory granules of apocrine secretory cells. These granules had mitochondrion-like internal structure. No reactivity was observed on the eccrine secretory cells by immunoelectron microscopy. Neither dark cell granules nor mitochondria in eccrine secretory cells were labeled with anti-hEGF antibody. In both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, hEGF-like immunoreactivity was diffusely present in the cytoplasm of myoepithelial cells. However, nuclei and mitochondria of myoepithelial cells were devoid of immunoreactivity for hEGF. Our observations indicate that apocrine sweat glands may secrete more hEGF in the sweat than eccrine sweat glands.     

Cytologic features of pleural effusion in apocrine sweat gland carcinoma. A case report

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma arising in the apocrine sweat glands is very rare, and there are few reports of the cytologic features. We encountered a case of metastatic apocrine carcinoma in a pleural effusion. CASE: A 46-year-old male had a dark reddish nodule in the right axillary region that was diagnosed as apocrine carcinoma of skin appendage origin. Three years after wide resection and chemotherapy, widespread metastases developed with a massive pleural effusion. Needle aspiration fluid cytology contained clusters of adenocarcinoma. Some tumor cells had abundant cytoplasm or periodic acid-Schiff-positive, coarse granules. Decapitation secretion was occasionally found on the cell surface. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were often positive for BRST-2 and BRST-3. CONCLUSION: Cytologic features of metastatic apocrine sweat gland carcinoma show some characteristics of adenocarcinoma. Moreover, its definitive diagnosis in a pleural effusion can be made because of retaining the characteristics of apocrine sweat gland.     

Immunocytochemical detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in skin adnexal and breast tissues and tumors

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is regarded as a specific marker of prostatic epithelium and has never been detected by immunocytochemistry in extra-prostatic tissues. The casual finding of a strong positivity for polyclonal antisera to PSA in a sweat gland carcinoma prompted a study on a series of skin adnexial and breast specimens (normal and neoplastic). Normal axillary and perineal apocrine sweat glands, some apocrine foci in fibrocystic breast disease and two sweat gland and two breast apocrine carcinomas were stained by several PSA antisera; a recently introduced monoclonal to PSA, however, was unreactive. These observations cast doubt on the specificity of PSA for prostatic epithelium, especially when polyclonal antisera are employed. Immunocytochemical reactions obtained with PSA, in the investigation of skin, lesions must be interpreted with caution and confirmed if necessary with monoclonals to PSA and with PAP.     

Structure and function of human sweat glands studied with histochemistry and cytochemistry

The basic structure and the physiological function of human sweat glands were reviewed. Histochemical and cytochemical techniques greatly contributed the elucidation of the ionic mechanism of sweat secretion. X-ray microanalysis using freeze-dried cryosections clarified the level of Na, K, and Cl in each secretory cell of the human sweat gland. Enzyme cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography elucidated the localization of Na,K-ATPase. These data supported the idea that human eccrine sweat is produced by the model of N-K-2Cl cotransport. Cationic colloidal gold localizes anionic sites on histological sections. Human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands showed completely different localization and enzyme sensitivity of anionic sites studied with cationic gold. Human sweat glands have many immunohistochemical markers. Some of them are specific to apocrine sweat glands, although many of them stain both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Histochemical techniques, especially immunohistochemistry using a confocal laser scanning microscope and in situ hybridization, will further clarify the relationship of the structure and function in human sweat glands.     

Multipotent Nestin-Positive Stem Cells Reside in the Stroma of Human Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands and Can Be Propagated Robustly In Vitro

Human skin harbours multiple different stem cell populations. In contrast to the relatively well-characterized niches of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells, the localization and niches of stem cells in other human skin compartments are as yet insufficiently investigated. Previously, we had shown in a pilot study that human sweat gland stroma contains Nestin-positive stem cells. Isolated sweat gland stroma-derived stem cells (SGSCs) proliferated in vitro and expressed Nestin in 80% of the cells. In this study, we were able to determine the precise localization of Nestin-positive cells in both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands of human axillary skin. We established a reproducible isolation procedure and characterized the spontaneous, long-lasting multipotent differentiation capacity of SGSCs. Thereby, a pronounced ectodermal differentiation was observed. Moreover, the secretion of prominent cytokines demonstrated the immunological potential of SGSCs. The comparison to human adult epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) revealed differences in protein expression and differentiation capacity. Furthermore, we found a coexpression of the stem cell markers Nestin and Iα6 within SGSCs and human sweat gland stroma. In conclusion the initial results of the pilot study were confirmed, indicating that human sweat glands are a new source of unique stem cells with multilineage differentiation potential, high proliferation capacity and remarkable self renewal. With regard to the easy accessibility of skin tissue biopsies, an autologous application of SGSCs in clinical therapies appears promising.     

Dermal cylindroma. Expression of intermediate filaments, epithelial and neuroectodermal antigens.

We report on immunohistochemical staining patterns in so-called apocrine tumors of skin with special emphasis on the dermal cylindroma. The results were compared with apocrine tubular adenoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum and the normal eccrine sweat gland. A relationship of dermal cylindroma to the apocrine gland is suggested by expression of lysozyme and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. The tumor shares keratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and EGF-receptor expression with eccrine and apocrine glands. The presence of intermingled cells with a coexpression of keratin and vimentin argues for a partial myoepithelia-like differentiation. Neuroectodermal antigens are missing. Therefore, dermal cylindroma is classified as an adnexal tumor of skin with a variable rate of cells of apocrine secretory, myoepithelial and undifferentiated phenotypes.     

Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein 15 in Stratum Corneum Is a Potential Marker of Decreased Eccrine Sweating for Atopic Dermatitis

It is well known that eccrine sweating is attenuated in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). We have reported by using proteome analysis that gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), a substance secreted from eccrine sweat glands, is decreased in tape-stripped stratum corneum (SC) samples from AD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate GCDFP15 production by eccrine glands with SC samples and to assess sweating in AD. SC samples were obtained from 51 healthy control (HC) and 51 AD individuals. Sweat samples were from 18 HC and 12 AD subjects. GCDFP15 was quantified by ELISA. By immunohistochemistry, the expression of GCDFP15 in eccrine glands was examined in normal and AD skin specimens. To identify GCDFP15-producing cells, double immunofluorescence staining for GCDFP15 and S100 protein was performed in frozen sections. To address the mechanism underlying the decreased eccrine sweating in AD patients, we examined the expression of cholinergic receptor M3 (CHRM3), a receptor for acetylcholine-induced sweating, in eccrine sweat glands. The amounts of GCDFP15 in the SC extracts were significantly lower in AD than HC (P < 0.0001). The sweat samples from AD patients also had lower levels of GCDFP15 concentration (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed positive GCDFP15 staining in the eccrine gland secretory cells and the ductal and acrosyringial lumen in normal skin, but AD lacked clear staining. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that GCDFP15 was co-expressed with S100 protein, suggesting that the clear cell of eccrine glands produces GCDFP15. Finally, we found that the expression of CHRM3 was depressed in AD, suggesting contribution to the low sweating. The SC of AD patients contains a low amount of GCDFP15 due to both low sweating and low GCDFP15 concentration in the sweat. GCDFP15 in SC is a potential marker for dysregulated sweating in AD.