不同品系昆虫病原线虫对烟草小地老虎的致病力

小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon Rottemberg是烟田的一种重要的地下害虫。为了探明不同品系的昆虫线虫对烟田地下害虫小地老虎的致病力,在室内采用生测试验法,以滤纸为介质,测定了斯氏属线虫Steinernema carpocapsae和异小杆属线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora共5个品系对小地老虎3龄幼虫、5龄幼虫和蛹的致病力。结果表明,5个不同昆虫病原线虫品系均对小地老虎3龄幼虫具有致病力,其中斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae-A11(Sc-A11)对小地老虎的致死速度最快,侵染24 h、36 h和72 h后小地老虎校正死亡率分别为41.3%、69.7%和86.7%,均高于其它线虫品系,小地老虎的死亡率随着线虫侵染时间的增加而增加的,至96 h后校正死亡率达到100%,Sc-A11侵染5龄幼虫的校正死亡率均高于其它线虫品系,可见Sc-A11对小地老虎幼虫的致病力最强,为最敏感的昆虫病原线虫品系。Sc-All对小地老虎3龄幼虫、5龄幼虫的校正死亡率在72 h时分别为86.7%、43.3%,化蛹率为23.7%,Sc-All不侵染小地老虎蛹。盆栽烟草上线虫Sc-A11剂量为20头IJs/cm~2施用3次和线虫剂量为80头IJs/cm~2施用2次的处理的保苗效果最好,3 d后保苗效果分别为79.64%和76.85%,达到最佳的防治效果。     

异小杆线虫XJZL1409(Heterorhabditis bacteriophora)共生菌的分离及致病性研究

本研究分离了来自新疆和田地区间作绿豆的4年枣0-40 cm根际土壤中的昆虫病原线虫XJZL1409Heterorhabditis bacteriophora的共生菌,并进行致病性测定。通过侵染期线虫和线虫致死的大蜡螟幼虫血腔直接分离,采用传统形态学观察结合分子生物学方法对菌株进行鉴定。同时大蜡螟Galleria mellonella 5龄幼虫接种菌株细胞发酵液测定致病性。菌株形态学特性结合16S r DNA序列系统发育分析,线虫XJZL1409的共生菌被鉴定为发光杆菌属Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii。室内菌液注射毒性测定结果显示,侵染致死的幼虫体色呈灰绿色;接种48 h后,每头幼虫接种菌液量为500 CFU时校正死亡率就可以达到100%; 48 h时致死中浓度LC50为10. 74 CFU/m L。同时菌液口服杀虫毒性结果表明,第5天时待测菌株菌液对大蜡螟幼虫的校正死亡率为21. 21%,体重抑制率为20. 02%。因此,昆虫病原线虫XJZL1409的共生菌为P. luminescens subsp. laumondii对大蜡螟幼虫具有很强的注射毒性,为研究线虫的致病机制及发掘新抗性基因奠定基础。     

昆虫病原线虫对黄地老虎致病力的研究

为了探索应用昆虫病原线虫防治黄地老虎Agrotis segetum的可行性,室内生测比较了9个昆虫病原线虫品系对黄地老虎4龄幼虫的致病力。生测结果表明,9个不同昆虫病原线虫品系对黄地老虎4龄幼虫的致病力差别很大,其中格氏线虫Steinernema glaseri ib(Sgib)是对黄地老虎幼虫致病力最强的昆虫病原线虫品系,侵染24、36和72 h黄地老虎幼虫的校正死亡率均高于其他线虫品系。此外,还测定了不同温度、土壤湿度以及线虫剂量对格氏线虫Sgib致病力的影响,结果表明,在21℃-27℃、20%土壤湿度以及侵染期线虫与黄地老虎幼虫数量比不少于10∶1的条件下,格氏线虫Sgib对黄地老虎幼虫的致病效果最好。田间小区实验表明,格氏线虫Sgib对黄地老虎幼虫的防效达到96.67%。     

芜菁夜蛾线虫和嗜菌异小杆线虫寄生特性的比较

对2种昆虫病原线虫(芫菁夜蛾线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhaditis bacteriphora Poinar)的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:在25℃下,在大蜡螟Galleria mellonella L.幼虫体内完成1个侵染周期芫菁夜蛾线虫Otio品系需220～230h,嗜菌异小杆线虫15-2品系需200～210h。15-2品系比Otio品系具有较强的繁殖力。2种线虫侵染大蜡螟幼虫的温度范围均为20～30℃,在此温度范围内,Otio品系的侵染力和运动能力均强于15-2品系。当土壤含水量(w/w)为5%～15%,线虫的侵染活性最高,随湿度降低线虫的侵染活性明显降低。     

闽,粤,海南地区的斯氏线虫科及异小杆线虫科分布调查

本文是对闽、粤、海南等地区27个县(市)昆虫病原线虫分布的调查结果。从1983至1987年共采集土壤样品600多个,从中分离出昆虫病原线虫39号,全部鉴定到属,少数鉴定到种。结果表明,闽、粤、海南均有斯氏线虫科及异小杆线虫科分布,该两科线虫的发现率,沿海20公里内的花生地,番薯地较高,砂土,砂壤土较高。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌血腔毒素Tp40对大蜡螟幼虫体内酶活和中肠组织的影响

嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila在侵入到寄主昆虫血腔后能够成功地逃避或抑制寄主昆虫的免疫反应并快速杀死昆虫。为深入了解嗜线虫致病杆菌的杀虫机理,明确关键的致病因子,作者应用盐析和制备型非变性凝胶电泳等方法,从嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310菌株的细胞内分离纯化了一种新的杀虫蛋白——Tp40,该蛋白对大蜡螟Galleria mellonella具有高血腔注射活性,对大蜡螟5龄幼虫的LD₅₀为68.54 ng/头。本文检测了该毒素对大蜡螟幼虫的致病特性,注射Tp40毒素后,大蜡螟幼虫表现出兴奋和痉挛等症状,当以不低于（70±0.02）ng/头的剂量注射Tp40,大蜡螟幼虫均在20 min内死亡,但试虫的体色 、血淋巴的颜色以及血细胞的形态没有发生明显的变化。对大蜡螟体内酶活性的测定结果显示,在注射LD₅₀剂量的Tp40蛋白后,试虫体内羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活力都明显的高于对照（P<0.05）,而酚氧化酶活力显著低于对照（P<0.05）。对大蜡螟幼虫中肠的组织病理学研究显示：这种42 kDa蛋白能够破坏试虫的中肠组织,导致其肠壁细胞出现排列紊乱、脱落和围食膜消失。据此推测,Tp40与嗜线虫致病杆菌对寄主昆虫的免疫抑制有关,寄主中肠组织可能是其作用靶标之一。     

河北异小杆线虫一品系的分类鉴定及其对蛴螬致病力的测定

昆虫病原线虫是一种有应用潜力的地下害虫生物防治因子。本研究利用形态学特征和ITS-rDNA分析方法对从河北省沧州分离的异小杆线虫一品系进行了鉴定, 并在室内测定比较了其对蛴螬的致病力。通过对该线虫侵染期幼虫和雄性成虫主要形态学特征的参数测量, 发现其与嗜菌异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis bacteriophora的形态特征最为相近;同时ITS1-rDNA序列比对和系统发育学分析结果显示其与嗜菌异小杆线虫亲缘关系最近。结合形态学和分子生物学特征, 确定该线虫为嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系。该线虫对蛴螬（华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita、暗黑鳃金龟H. parallela和铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta 3种金龟子的2龄幼虫）的致病力研究结果表明：处理72 h后, 暗黑鳃金龟幼虫死亡率显著高于另外两种金龟子幼虫 (P<0.05);处理120 h后, 暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟幼虫的死亡率分别达到93.3%和80.0%, 二者无显著差异 (P>0.05), 可见该线虫对它们有较强的致病力。不同线虫对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的致病力结果显示, 嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系侵染96 h后, 幼虫的死亡率显著高于Steinernema feltiae和S. longicaudum两种线虫的处理 (P<0.05) , 说明嗜菌异小杆线虫沧州品系的致病力显著高于另外两种线虫。     

拟双角斯氏线虫D43品系鞘蛋白对大蜡螟幼虫的免疫抑制作用

侵染期的拟双角斯氏线虫Steinernema ceratophorum D43品系体外都包裹着一个透明的体鞘。为探明体鞘对线虫侵染力的影响, 了解鞘蛋白（sheath proteins, SPs）对大蜡螟Galleria mellonella 幼虫的免疫抑制作用, 本研究通过化学方法使拟双角斯氏线虫D43脱鞘, 以对寄主的致死率和侵入点数量为指标, 与包鞘线虫比较对大蜡螟幼虫的侵染力; 采用乙醇提取的方法获得线虫鞘蛋白, 利用双向电泳和质谱技术对鞘蛋白进行鉴定分析; 从血细胞数量和酚氧化酶活力两个方面评价鞘蛋白对大蜡螟幼虫免疫反应的抑制作用。结果表明： 0.5%次氯酸钠处理20 min可以保证95%以上的线虫存活和脱鞘。与包鞘线虫相比, 脱鞘线虫对大蜡螟幼虫的致死率显著降低, 致死时间延后, 节间膜侵入点数量显著减少。以35%乙醇提取的鞘蛋白提取物可鉴定出6种鞘蛋白, 其中一个被鉴定为丝氨酸蛋白酶。此外, 血腔注射鞘蛋白提取物可导致试虫血细胞数量明显降低, 酚氧化酶活力受到显著抑制。由此说明, 体鞘对拟双角斯氏线虫D43的侵染力具有显著影响, 鞘蛋白在抑制寄主昆虫免疫反应中发挥重要作用。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌的分类

昆虫病原线虫共生菌是存在于昆虫病原线虫肠道内的一类细菌 ,属肠杆菌科 (Enterobacteriaceae) ,兼性厌氧 ,包括致病杆菌属 (Xenorhabdus) [1] 和光杆状菌属 (Photorhabdus) [2 ] ,它们分别与斯氏线虫属 (Stein ernema)和异小杆线虫属 (Heterorhabditis)的线虫共生[3] 。在自然界 ,共生菌存在于 3龄侵染期线虫的肠道中[4 ] ,不能从土壤中分离获得 ,是昆虫病原线虫的主要致病因子。昆虫病原线虫共生菌直到 2 0世纪 5 0年代末期才被发现 ,其分类地位也经常发生变动 ,鉴定工作尽管几十年来陆陆续续时有报道 ,但并不十分深入和系统。近年来 ,…     

一株分离自土壤的蜡蚧菌的鉴定及对烟草粉斑螟的致病性

【目的】蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium是自然界一类重要的昆虫病原真菌,为了获取更多的蜡蚧菌作为控虫真菌资源,对从森林中的根际土壤分离得到的一株蜡蚧菌进行鉴定以及与其他几种病原真菌进行烟草粉斑螟Ephestia elutella的致病性对比。【方法】采用形态特征比较和转录间隔区(ITS)序列构建分子系统树对从贵州贵定松林下土壤中分离的菌株进行综合鉴定,采用浸虫法对烟草粉斑螟3龄幼虫进行致病性筛选。【结果】根据形态特征比较和系统发育分析,该真菌为丝枝蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium aphanocladii。在测试菌株中,环链棒束孢Isaria cateinannulata、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和丝枝蜡蚧菌对烟草粉斑螟3龄幼虫7 d的校正死亡率分别为79.22%,64.92%和77.92%,表现出较好的致死效果。【结论】丝枝蜡蚧菌对烟草粉斑螟幼虫的致死效果较好,可用作仓储内烟草粉斑螟的生物防治资源。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.