斑点野生稻拒食活性组分的分离及其对斜纹夜蛾消化酶活性的影响

为了进一步评估斑点野生稻Oryza punctata的抗虫性,采用液 液分配萃取和硅胶柱层析的方法,从斑点野生稻甲醇提取物中分离获得石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水的萃取物,测定了其对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura 3龄幼虫拒食活性。结果显示,氯仿萃取物比其他4种萃取物具有更高的拒食活性,在25 mg/mL的浓度下,24 h和48 h的拒食率分别为55.62%和52.66%。氯仿萃取物经硅胶柱层析后,得到14个组分。比较14个组分的拒食活性,发现组分4和10为主要的活性组分。这两个组分对斜纹夜蛾幼虫中肠脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶的活性都具有一定的抑制活性,其中组分10对脂肪酶具有显著的抑制效果,以1 mg/mL的浓度活体处理48 h和72 h抑制率分别达19.82％和34.60％; 对α-淀粉酶的影响在48 h和72 h内都具有显著的抑制效果,随着处理时间的延长,其抑制率逐步提高,72 h的抑制率分别为25.06％和27.40％。结果提示斜纹夜蛾幼虫中肠脂肪酶和α-淀粉酶可能是斑点野生稻拒食活性成分的作用靶标。     

番荔枝内酯化合物布拉它辛对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫活性及对SL细胞的致凋亡作用

为了明确番荔枝内酯化合物布拉它辛的杀虫活性和探索杀虫作用机理,本研究采用浸叶法测定该化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫的生物活性,采用MTT检测法和流式细胞术,研究该化合物对斜纹夜蛾离体培养卵巢细胞（SL细胞）的细胞毒力和致细胞凋亡作用,以及对SL细胞线粒体膜电位的影响。结果表明: 布拉它辛不仅对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的拒食活性,处理后24 h,对2龄和3龄幼虫的AFC₅₀值分别为60.25 μg/mL和86.73 μg/mL,还对幼虫生长有良好的抑制作用。布拉它辛处理SL细胞后24 h和48 h,IC50值分别为22.32 μg/mL和10.03 μg/mL。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,布拉它辛对SL细胞具有明显的致凋亡作用,可导致SL细胞线粒体膜电位显著下降。本研究表明布拉它辛对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的拒食活性与生长抑制作用, 并且该化合物能明显抑制SL细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,降低线粒体膜电位。因此,布拉他辛具有广阔的研究应用前景。     

喜旱莲子草提取物的杀虫活性

【背景】喜旱莲子草是全球性恶性入侵杂草,近年来在我国已呈蔓延之势,对经济及生态环境造成严重破坏。目前已开展了其入侵机制和生物防治等方面的研究,然而,针对其资源化利用的研究较少。【方法】分别研究了喜旱莲子草的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇等溶剂提取物对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的选择忌避、触杀和胃毒作用。【结果】喜旱莲子草各有机相提取物对小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾均具有一定的选择忌避作用。随着处理时间的延长,不同溶剂提取物对小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的触杀和胃毒作用效果逐渐增强,且校正死亡率与提取物浓度呈正相关关系;经喜旱莲子草石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物4000 g·L-1处理后,小菜蛾的触杀校正死亡率均达到70%,经石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物和水提取物4000 g·L-1及正丁醇层和水层500 g·L-1处理后,斜纹夜蛾的触杀和胃毒校正死亡率均达到80%。【结论与意义】该研究结果对喜旱莲子草的进一步研究开发具有参考价值。     

柑桔提取物中主要成分的杀螨活性评价

【目的】研究柑桔提取物中主要杀螨活性成分,为柑桔提取物作为杀螨剂的使用奠定基础。【方法】采用乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、石油醚4种溶剂对北碚447的果皮与种子进行平行提取,对4种提取物进行杀螨活性评价。对北碚447的果皮乙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物进行GC-MS分析,就其中主要成分进行杀螨活性评价,确定主要杀螨活性成分。【结果】发现柑桔乙醇提取物的杀螨活性最高;果皮提取物的杀螨活性高于种子;果皮和种子乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物通过GC-MS分析共鉴定出35种成分,其中柠檬烯含量最高,和柠檬醛、4-松油醇、芳樟醇占提取物含量的85%以上;柠檬烯杀螨活性高于柠檬醛、松油醇、芳樟醇、?-蒎烯。【结论】柑桔提取物中主要的杀螨成分是柠檬烯、柠檬醛、4-松油醇、芳樟醇、?-蒎烯,以这些物质为主要有效成分的柑桔提取物类杀螨剂的研发具有重大意义。     

50种热带地区植物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性

在室内测定了采自海南儋州两院本部及昌江霸王岭的26科50种热带地区植物56个样品的乙醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾四龄幼虫的拒食活性,结果表明：假药(根)、肉桂(叶)、密脉崖鹿角藤(叶)、牛筋果(叶)、鸦胆子(枝叶)、过江龙(枝叶)、牛心番荔枝(叶)等具有较高的拒食活性,其拒食率分别为92．50％、76．25％,、73．95％、57．50％、56．85％、56．58％、和50．42％。此结果为进一步从这些热带植物中提取、分离和纯化高活性的拒食作用活性成分奠定了基础。     

斜纹夜蛾幼虫感染莱氏野村菌后的抗氧化酶活性变化

【目的】研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫感染莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi后的抗氧化防御机制。【方法】通过测定斜纹夜蛾各龄幼虫超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等的活性,探讨染菌后不同侵染阶段,幼虫抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势和不同接种方法对抗氧化酶活性的影响。【结果】在斜纹夜蛾染菌幼虫和未接种幼虫(对照)中均未测出POD活性;各龄幼虫在接种莱氏野村菌后SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,但随着侵染过程的进行,2-3龄幼虫的SOD和CAT活性在16 h左右达峰值后迅速降低,而4-5龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性自染菌初期增强后,变化较平缓,至60-72 h后才低于对照。喷雾法与浸蘸法接种后,各龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,且对于2-3龄幼虫,浸蘸法对抗氧化酶活性的影响显著高于喷雾法,而对于4-5龄幼虫而言两处理方式之间活性差异不显著。【结论】斜纹夜蛾感染莱氏野村菌后,其体内抗氧化酶活性变化很大,SOD和CAT活性先升后降,且其变化趋势与幼虫所处的发育阶段密切相关。在体壁接种量相当的情况下,浸蘸法对2-3龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性的影响大于4-5龄幼虫。     

七星瓢虫成虫石油醚提取物的化学成分及抑菌活性

【目的】确定七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata成虫石油醚提取物的化学成分及其抑菌活性。【方法】用甲醇室温提取, 石油醚、 乙酸乙酯和正丁醇梯度萃取, 利用气相色谱-质谱连用仪（Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer, GC-MS）对七星瓢虫成虫石油醚提取物成分进行分析, 通过硅胶、 凝胶Sephadex LH-20、 ODS-C₁₈柱层析法对正丁醇提取部分的成分进行分离, 采用质谱和核磁共振等手段鉴定结构。采用纸片扩散法对七星瓢虫成虫石油醚提取物的抑菌活性进行测试。【结果】经GC-MS联用技术从石油醚相中鉴定出14个化合物, 从正丁醇相中分离鉴定了7个化合物。石油醚提取物对肠道沙门氏菌Salmonella enterica有抑制作用, 在浓度为100和50 mg/mL时, 抑菌率分别为52.78%和27.05%, 在该浓度下对绿脓杆菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa、 玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum和水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani没有表现出明显的抑制作用。【结论】七星瓢虫C. septempunctata成虫石油醚提取物对肠道沙门氏菌具有抑制作用。     

广藿香酮对斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用研究

广藿香酮Pogostone,是一种新型的、被认为具有应用潜力的植物源杀虫活性物质。为探明广藿香酮的杀虫活性,本试验以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura作为试虫,采用选择性和非选择性拒食活性测定法,在室内分别测定了不同浓度的广藿香酮对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性以及广藿香酮对不同龄期的斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用,研究结果表明,1 mg/mL、2 mg/mL、4 mg/mL、8 mg/mL、10 mg/mL的浓度下,广藿香酮对三龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食率分别为56.5%、62.24%、80.01%、82.40%、90.03%;非选择性拒食率分别为62.48%、71.78%、84.15%、86.35%、92.71%。浓度为4 mg/mL的广藿香酮对2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食率分别为78.56%、80.25%、66.80%、40.35%;非选择性拒食活性分别为78.21%、83.02%、77.36%、40.24%。可见,浓度为4 mg/mL的广藿香酮对三龄斜纹夜蛾的拒食效果较好。     

昆明山海棠的杀虫活性及有效成分

【目的】从天然产物尤其是植物中寻找杀虫活性物质是杀虫剂创制的重要途径。【方法】采用生物活性追踪、分离等方法,研究了昆明山海棠Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch对6种鳞翅目昆虫的杀虫活性及有效成分。【结果】昆明山海棠根皮石油醚提取物、甲醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫3龄幼虫均具有拒食活性,24 h的拒食毒力AFC₅₀值分别为1 165.7 μg/mL、104.3 μg/mL和 47.3 μg/mL。昆明山海棠根皮甲醇提取物对粘虫4龄幼虫具有触杀活性,其LD₅₀值为100.4 μg/头。从昆明山海棠根皮甲醇提取物中分离出雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱 4个杀虫活性化合物,雷公藤春碱和雷公藤吉碱对粘虫具有胃毒麻醉活性,对粘虫3龄幼虫8 h的麻醉中量（ND₅₀）分别是18.1 μg/头和7.4 μg/头。雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱对粘虫具有触杀麻醉活性,对粘虫4龄幼虫24 h的ND₅₀分别是0.33 μg/头和0.06 μg/头;对3龄小地老虎具有胃毒麻醉活性,24 h的麻醉中量ND₅₀分别是5.62 μg/头和1.24 μg/头。【结论】昆明山海棠对所测试的6种鳞翅目昆虫均有一定的杀虫活性,其主要杀虫活性成分为雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱4个化合物。     

杀菌剂丙环唑对斜纹夜蛾的毒性

在研究比较了11种农药对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura细胞（简称SL细胞）的毒杀活性基础上,选择毒杀活性最高的杀菌剂丙环唑,对其毒理学机理进行进一步研究。结果表明,丙环唑的细胞毒力最高,在100 μg/mL浓度下处理后48 h,SL细胞的死亡率为98.08％。处理后36 h,丙环唑对SL细胞的LC₅₀值为20.31 μg/mL。丙环唑能明显降低SL细胞的蛋白质含量。以0.5 μg/头的丙环唑注射斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫,处理后72 h,试虫血淋巴总含量及血细胞数分别下降了26.80％和25.26％;在1.0 μg/头的剂量下,则分别下降了37.67%和36.32%。以0.5 μg/头和1.0 μg/头的丙环唑注射处理后,斜纹夜蛾幼虫体重显著降低。此外,丙环唑能降低斜纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴含糖量及血淋巴蛋白质含量。在注射处理后96 h和120 h,丙环唑对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫的LD₅₀值分别为0.59 μg/头和0.45 μg/头。丙环唑对SL细胞和斜纹夜蛾幼虫均具有较好的毒杀活性,显示出丙环唑类似物控制害虫的可能性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.